A--/ 


3  9090  013  413  147 


Webster  Family  Library  ot  Veterinary  Medicine 
Cummings  School  ot  Veterinary  Medicine  at 
Tufts  University 
200  Westboro  Road 
North  Grafton,  MA  01 536 


Animal  Parasites 

AND 

PARASITIC  DISEASES 

THIRD  EDITION.  REVISED 


B.  F.  KAUPP.  M.  S..  D.  V.  S. 

AUTHOR    OF   "DISEASES    OF   POULTRY," 
FORMERLY     PROFESSOR     OF     PATHOLOGY     AN^     PARASI- 
TOLOGY.   DIVISION    OF    VETERINARY    MEDICINE. 
COLORADO   AGRICULTURAL   COLLEGE. 
FORMERLY    PATHOLOGIST    COLORADO    EXPERIMENT 
STATION. 
FORMERLY    PROFESSOR    OF   PARASITOLOGY    KANSAS?   CITY 

VETERINARY    COLLEGE. 

FORMERLY    VETERINARY    INSPECTOR.    U.    S.     BUREAU    OF 

OF    ANIMAL    INDUSTRY.    DEPARTMENT    OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

MEMBER      OF     THE      AMERICAN      VETERINARY      MEDICAL 

ASSOCIATION     AND    OF    THE 
UNITED    STATES    LIVE    STOCK    SANITARY    ASSOCIATION. 
COMAUSSIONER     PUBLIC     HEALTH.     g-PARTANBURG,     S.     C. 
&c.,    &c..    Ac. 


CHICAGO 
ALEXANDER  EGER 

1917 


Copyrighted    at    Washington,    D.    C.    ">3- 

ALEXANDER    EGER 

1914 


PREFACE  TO  THIRD  EDITION. 

The  second  edition  of  Animal  Parasites  and  Para- 
sitic Diseases  has  been  exhausted.  The  demand  for 
this  Httle  concise  work  has  far  exceeded  the  expecta- 
tion of  the  author  and  pubHsher.  The  illustrations 
which  have  been  so  useful  have  been  increased  in 
number.  Four  pages  of  photomicrographs  of  the 
Strongylus-Armatus  group  have  been  added  and  the 
chapter  rewritten  bringing  the  work  down  to  date. 

The  work  is  divided  into  four  chapters,  treating 
on  the  following  subjects,  viz.;  External  Parasites, 
Internal  Parasites,  Protozoa,  Preparation  of  Speci- 
mens. An  addenda,  on  the  present  status  of  our 
knowledge  of  the  chemistry  of  animal  parasites,  has 
been  added. 

The  names  of  the  parasites  are  arranged  in  tabular 
form  at  the  beginning  of  each  of  the  first  three 
chapters.  In  the  first  column  of  the  table  will  be 
found  the  Branch ;  in  the  second  the  Class ;  in  the 
third  the  Order;  in  the  fourth  the  Family;  and  in 
the  last  the  Genus  and  Species,  names  by  which  we 
know  the  parasites.  By  reference  to  this  table  one 
cain  trace  each  species  at  a  glance  down  through  the 
classification  to  the  starting  point, — the  Branch. 

in 


IT  PREFACE. 

Each  parasite  is  dealt  with  in  the  order  of  the 
tabulation. 

The  facts  about  each  are  noted  under  the  headings : 
Synonym,  Distribution,  Life  Cycle,  Animals  In- 
fested, Parts  Infested,  Conditions  Produced  and 
Treatment.  (The  latter  when  treatment  is  of  any 
avail.) 

The  photomicrographs  are  made  by  myself  with 
an  ordinary  kodak  placed  over  the  occular  lense  of 
the  microscope  and  given  time  exposure.  By  gas- 
light  the  exposure  was   from   three   to  five   minutes. 

As  there  have  been  no  attempts  made  to  cite  any 
authorities  in  the  text,  the  writer  herewith  expresses 
his  obligations  to  the  writings  of  Professors  Law, 
Neumann,  Hutyra  and  Marek,  Friedberger  and 
Froehner,  etc.,  etc.,  also  to  the  reports  from  the  U. 
S.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Report  by  Loos  on 
Strongiles,  published  by  the  Cairo  Medical  School, 
Extracts  from  the  Experiment  Station  Record,  Amer- 
ican Veterinary  Review,  Journal  of  Comparative 
Pathology,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Author. 

Spartanburg,  S.  C,  1914 


CONTENTS. 


INTEODUOTORY    9 

CHAPTER  I. 

ECTOZOA  (Classification  of  the  Common  External  Para- 

sites-Ectozoa)     12 

Branch    Arthropoda    12 

Class  Insecta   (insect  parasites) 12 

Order  Diptera     12 

Order  Siphonaptera     31 

Order  Hemiptera    33 

Class   Arachnida    45 

Order  Acarina     45 

Order  Linguatulidae     77 

Fungi     79 

CHAPTER  n. 

ENTOZOA    83 

Branch    Vermes    84 

Class    Annelida    84 

Order   Discophora    84 

Class  ]!'Temathelmintha    84 

Order    Nematoda    84,    89 

Family  Filaridae    90 

Family  Ascaridae    97 

Family  Oxyuridae     105 

Family  Strongylidae   151 

Family  Trichotrachelidae    151 

Order  Acanthocephala    84,    157 

Class   Flathelmintha    87,    160 

Order  Trematoda   160 

Family  Fasciolidae    161 

Family  Schistosomidae     169 

Family  Paramphistomidae    84,   87,   168 


VI  CONTENTS. 

Order   Cestoda    170 

Family  Taenidae    171 

Family  Bothriocephalidae    194 

CHAPTER  III. 
PEOTOZOA   (Classification  of  the  More  Common  Para- 
sitic Protozoa) 196 

Branch    Protozoa     196 

Class   Flagellata    197 

Order  Monadida    197 

Class    Sporozoa    203 

Order  Coccidia    203 

Order  Sarcosporida    208 

Order  Hemasporida   211 

Class  Amoeba  216 

CHAPTER  IV. 

TO  PEESEKVE  INSECT  PAEASITES   220 

To  Mount  Ectozoa 220 

To  Preserve  Entozoa    220 

To  Stain  and  Mount  Entozoa   221 

Preservation    of    Museum    Specimens 222 

To  Prepare  Specimens  to  be  Sent  to  the  Laboratory  223 

Technique  of  Staining  the  Protozoa  in  Blood  Cells,  223 

To   Stain  the   Trypanosoma    224 

To   Stain   Coccidia   Sarcosporida  or  Amoeba  Melea- 

gridis    in    Tissues    224 

Chemistry  of  Animal   Parasites    226 


A  List  of  the  Illustrations. 

Fig.  Page 

1 — Cayor  fly,  larva 21 

2 — Melophagus  Ovinus,  Adult    26 

3 — Melophagus   Ovinus,  Pupa    26 

4 — Gastrophilus    Equi,   Larva    27 

5 — Oestrus  Ovis,  Larva  28 

6 — Hypoderma  Lineata,  Larva   30 

7 — Hematopinus    Suis     37 

8 — Trichodectes  Scalaris   39 

9 — Trichodectes  Scalaris,  Ovum    40 

10 — Menopon    Biseriatum 41 

11— Goniodes    Stylifer     43 

12 — Goniodes  Stylifer,  Ovum   43 

13 — Lipeurus  Infuscatus    43 

14 — Goniocotes    Hologaster     45 

15 — Lipeurus  Baculus 45 

16 — Sarcoptes  Mutans  Variety  Gallinae   45 

17 — Scaley  Legs,  Photograph  reduced  one-half   55 

18 — Psoroptes  Communis,  Variety  Ovis,  Male 57 

19 — Psoroptes  Communis,  Variety  Bovis,  Females 58 

20 — Psoroptes  Communis,  Variety  Ovis,  Head 59 

21 — Psoroptes  Communis,  Variety  Bovis,  Head 59 

22 — Demodex    Folliculorum,    Variety    Canis,    Stages    of 

Development    66 

23 — Demodex  Folliculorum,  Variety  Canis,  Adult  Males  66 

24 — Red  Mpnge,  Photograph  of  two  pups 68 

25 — Argas  Miniatus,  Larvae 69 

26 — Ornithodoros  Megnini,  Larva 70 

27 — Margarapus  Annulatus,  Larva   70 

28 — Dermacentor  Electus,  Larva    70 

29 — Amblvomma    Americanum,   Larva    76 

30 — Spiroptera  Scutata    90 

31 — Spiroptera  Megastoma    91 

32 — Spiroptera  Microstoma     91 

33— Filaria  Papillosa    95 

34 — Ascaris  Megalocephala  98 

vii 


Vni  A  LIST  OF  THE  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

35 — Ascaris  Ovis    99 

36— Ascaris   Suis    101 

37 — Ascaris   Marginata    102 

38 — Ascaris    Inflexa    104 

39 — Heterakis    Papillosa,    Cephalic    Extremity    104 

39a — Heterakis    Papillosa,    Male    and   Female 104 

40 — Oxyuris    Curvula,    Female 106 

41 — Strongylus   Arnfieldi,   Caudal  Extremity  of  the  Fe- 
male         Ill 

42 — Strongylus  Arnfieldi,  Caudal  Extremity  of  Male...    122 
43 — Strongylus  Arnfieldi,  Ova  in  Process  of  Segmenta- 
tion        113 

44 — Strongylus   Arnfieldi,   Male   and  Female    113 

45 — Strongylus    Arnfieldi,    Head    Part    113 

46 — Strongylus  Contortus  (Haemonchus  Contortus)  Male 

and  Female   117 

47 — Stephanurus   Dentatus,   Male   and   Female    136 

48 — Oesophagastoma  Inflatum,  Male  and  Female 139 

49 — Oesophagostoma  Inflatum,    Cephalic    Extremity    . .  .    140 
50 — Oesophagostoma  Inflatum,  Caudal  Extremity  of  Male  140 
51 — Oesophagostoma  Inflatum,  Caudal  Extremity  of  Fe- 
male         141 

52 — Oesophagostoma   Columbianum,  Male   and  Female.  .   142 

53 — Nodular   Disease    143 

54 — Oesophagostoma   Dentatum,   Male  and  Female    ....   145 

55 — Uncinaria  Radiata,    Male    and    Female    145 

56 — Uncinaria  Canina,    Male    and    Female    148 

57 — Uncinaria  Canina,  Caudal  Extremity  of  Male   148 

58 — Uncinaria  Canina,  Cephalic    Extremity     149 

58a — Uncinaria  Canina,  Section  of  Body  of  Female...  149 
58b — Uncinaria  Canina,  Caudal  Extremity  of  Female..  149 
59 — Trichocephalus  Depressiusculus,  Male  and  Female..    151 

60 — Trichocephalus  Affinis,    Male    and    Female    153 

61 — Echinorhynchus    Gigas,    Female 157 

62 — Echinorhynchus  Gigas,    Cephalic    Extremity    158 

63 — Distoma    Hepaticum    162 

64 — Distoma    Americanus    -. 166 

65 — Cysticercus   Cellulosae    174 

66— Taenia  Expansa   of  Ox    179 

67 — Taenia   Ex}>ansa    of  Sheep    179 


A    LIST   OF  TllK   ILLUSTRA'I  JONS.  IX 

G8— Taenia  Alba  of  Shcop     180 

G9— Taenia  Fimbriata     181 

70 — Taenia  Marginata     182 

71 — Cysticercus    Tenuieollis    184 

72 — Taenia   Canina    192 

73 — Trypanosoma   Evansi    198 

74 — Surra.  Photograph  of  Horse .  199 

75 — Sareocystis   Mieseheri,   Longitudinal   Section 20G 

76 — Sareocystis   Mieseheri,    Cross   Section 207 

77 — Ulcer  of  Caecum  due  to  Coccidium  Tcnnellum 209 

78— Coccidium    Tenellum     209 

79 — Piroplasma    Ovis    213 

80— Liver,   Entero-hepatitis    218 

81 — Protozoa    of   Entero-hepatitis    219 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


PLATE   1. 

Fig.  1 — Tabanus  Atratus. 

*'  2 — Tabanus  Atratus,  cephalic  extremity. 

''  3 — Tabanus  Lineola,  dorsal  view. 

<  <■  4 — Tabanus  Lineola,  side  view. 

' '  5 — Sarcophaga   Carnaria. 

"  6 — Hematobia    Serrata. 

''  7 — I-Musca     Vomitoria.     II-Musea     Musca 

Domestiea. 

"  8 — Stomoxys  Calcitrans. 

**  9 — Gastrophilus    Equi. 

**  10 — Hematobia  Serrata,  egg  shell. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

\l  and  19 


PLATE    2. 

Fig.  1 — Suctorial   apparatus,  Musca   Domestiea. 

**  2 — Piercing    apparatus,     Stomoxys     Calci 

trans. 

'*  3 — Pulex  Serraticeps. 

<■ '  4 — Trombidium   Holosericium. 

"  5 — Dermanyssus   Gallinae. 

' '  6 — Cytodites   Nudus. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

32  and  33 


PLATE  3a. 

Fig.     1 — Symbiotes  Communis  var.  Caprae,  male. 
"        2 — Symbiotes    Communis    var.    Caprae,    fe- 
male. 

PLATE  3b. 

Fig.     3 — Sarcoptcs   Scabcl  var.   Canis   male. 
* '        4 — Sarcoptes  Scabei  vsvr.  Canis,  ovigerou'- 
female. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

52  and  5  3 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


PLATE  4a. 

1 — Boophilus    Annulatus.    a-Ventral    view. 

b-Dorsal  view. 
2 — Amblyomma       Americanum,       a-Dorsal 

view,  b-Ventral  view. 
3— Ornithodoros   Megnini,   a-Vcntral   view, 

b-Dorsal  view. 

PLATE  4b. 

4 — Argas   Miniatus,   a-Dorsal  view,  b-A^ei.- 

tral   view. 
5 — Dermaeentor   Electus. 
6 — Boophilus  Annulatus,  male. 
7 — Ornithodoros  Megnini,   Section  of   skin 

.showing   spines. 
8 — Leg,  Boophilus  Annulatus. 

PLATE   5. 

1 — Stigmen,    Boophilus    Annulatus    larvat 

Drawing  from  moult. 
2 — Leg,  Boophilus  Australis,  Side  view. 
3 — Leg,  Ornithodoros  Megnini. 
4 — Stigmen,  Boophilus  Annulatus. 
5 — Stigmen,  Dermaeentor  Keticulatus. 
6_Capitulum,    Boophilus    Annulatus. 

PLATE    6. 

1 — Amblyomma    Americanum,    ovipositing. 
2 — Boophilus   Annulatus,   ovipositing. 
3 — Boophilus    Annulatus    on    skin   of    cow. 
4 — Sarcoptic  scabies,  cat. 

PLATE   7. 

1 — Spiroptera  Strongylina,  a-male,  b-fe 
male. 

2 — Spiroptera  Strongylina,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity. 

3 — Spiroptera  Strongylina,  caudal  extrem- 
ity of  male. 

4 — Spiroptera  Strongylina,  caudal  extrem 
ity  of  female. 

5 — Ascaris  Mystax. 

6 — Oxyuris  mastigodes,  female. 

7 — Ascaris  Suis,  front  view  of  cephali' 
extremity. 

xl 


Inserted 

between  pages 

72  and  73 


Inserted 

between  pages 

74  and  75 


Inserted 

between  pages 

80  and  81 


Inserted 

between  pages 

90  and  91 


PLATE  8a. 

Fig.  1 — Spiroptera  Microstoma,  cepiialic  ex- 
tremity. 

'^  2 — Spiroptera  Microstoma,  caudal  extrem- 
ity of  male. 

"  3 — Spiroptera  Megastoma,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity. 

'i        4 — Filaria  Cervina,   female. 

PLATE  8b. 

Fig.     5 — Filaria  Papillosa,  cephalic  extremity. 
''        6 — Filaria   Papillosa,    caudal   extremity   of 

male. 
"        7 — Heterakis   Papillosa. 
' '        8 — Filaria   Immitis,   male. 

PLATE   9. 

Fig.  1 — Sclerostomum  equinum,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity,  female. 

'^  2 — Sclerostomum  equinum,  female  natural 
size. 

'^  3 — Sclerostomum  equinum,  male,  natural 
size. 

*'  4 — Sclerostomum  equinum,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, male. 

''  5 — Sclerostomum  equinum,  caudal  pouch, 
male. 

"  6 — Sclerostomum  endentatum,  front  view, 
head,  female. 

"  7 — Sclerostomum  endentatum,  female,  nat- 
ural size. 

'^  8 — Sclerostomum  endentatum,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

' '  9 — Sclerostomum  edentatum,  front  view, 
mouth. 

''  10 — Sclerostomum  edentatum,  caudal  pouch, 
male. 

*'  11 — Gyalocephalus  capitatus,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, female. 

*'  12 — Gyalocephalus  capitatus,  female,  nat- 
ural  size. 

"  13 — GyaloeepheUis  capitatus,  male,  natural 
size. 

xil 


Inserted 

between  pages 

92  and  &3 


Inserted 

between  pages 

120  and  121 


PLATE   10. 

Fig.  14 — Sclerostonmni  vulgare,  eeplialic  ex- 
tremity, female. 

"  15 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  female,  natural 
size. 

"  16 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  male  natural 
size. 

"  17 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  caudal  pouch 
male. 

"  18 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity,  male. 

''  19 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, female. 

''  20 — Sclerostomum  vulgare,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, female. 

"  21 — Triodontophorus  Serratus,  from  throm- 
bus. 

n  22— Triodontophorus  Serratus,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, female. 

''  23 — Triodontophorus  Serratus,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

*'  24 — Triodontophorus  Serratus,  female,  nat- 
ural  size. 

"  24a — Triodontophorus  Minor,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity,  female. 

"  25 — Triodontophorus  Minor,  male,  natural 
size. 

' '  26 — Triodontophorus  Minor,  female,  nat- 
ural size. 

"  27 — Cylichnostoinum  Labiatum,  cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

"  28 — Cylichnostomum  Labiatum,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

''  29 — Cylichnoswmum  Labiatum,  female,  nat- 
>.  ral   size 

*  *  30 — Cylichnostomum  Labiatum,  caudal  ex- 
tremity, male. 

xiii 


Inserted 

between  pages 

120  and  121 


PLATE   11. 
Fig.  31 — Cylichnostomum    Tetracanthum,    cepha- 
lic   extremity,    male. 

"     32 — Cylichnostomum     Tetracanthum,     male, 
natural   size. 

''      33 — Cylichnostomum       Tetracanthum,       fe- 
male,  natural   size. 

"      34 — Cylichnostomum      Nassatum,      cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

"      35 — Cylichnostomum    Nassatum,    male,    nat- 
ural  size. 

"     36 — Cylichnostomum  Nassatum,  female,  nat- 
ural  size. 

''      37 — Cylichnostomum     Bicoronatum,     caudal 
extremity,  female. 

''      38 — Cylichnostomum      Bicoronatum,      male, 
natural   size. 

'^     39 — Cylichnostomum    Bicoronatum,    female, 
natural   size. 

''     40 — Cylichnostomum      Eadiatum,      cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

''      41 — Cylichnostomum       Eadiatum,       female, 
natural  size. 

''     42 — Cylichnostomum       Eadiatum,       female, 
natural  size. 

"      43 — Cylichnostomum   Bicoronatum,   cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

<<      44 — Cylichnostomum     Bicoronatum,     mouth, 
female. 

"      45 — Cylichnostomum      Labratum,      cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

"      46 — Cylichnostomum    Labratum,    male,    nat- 
ural  size. 

''     47 — Cylichnostomum  Labratum,  female,  nat- 
ural size. 

PLATE   12. 

Fig.  48 — Cylichnostomum  Alveatum,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity, female. 
*'     49 — Cylichnostomum    Alveatum,    male,   nat- 
ural   size. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

12S  and  129 


Fig.  50 — Cylichnostonium  Alveatuin,  female, 
natural  size. 

"  51 — Cylichnostomum  Poculatum,  cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

'^  52 — Cylichnostomum  Poculatum,  male,  nat- 
ural  size. 

"  53 — Cylichnostomum  Poculatum,  female, 
natural   size. 

"  54 — Cylichnostomum  Catinatum,  cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

"  55 — Cylichnostomum  Catinatum,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

' '  56 — Cylichnostomum  Catinatum,  female. 
natural   size. 

"  57 — Cylichnostomum  Elongatum,  cephalic 
extremity,  female. 

''  58 — Cylichnostomum  Elongatum,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

"  59 — Cylichnostomum  Elongatum,  female, 
natural  size. 

''  60 — Cylichnostomum  Calicatum,  cephali.^ 
extremity,  female. 

"  61 — Cylichnostomum  Calicatum,  male,  nat- 
ural size. 

"  62 — Cylichnostomum  Calicatum,  female, 
natural   size. 


Insertea 

between  pages 

128  and  129 


PLATE  13. 

Fig.     1 — Heifer   infested    with    flukes    and    lung 
worms. 
"        2 — Oesophagostoma  Columbianurn,  cephalic 

extremity. 
**       3 — Oesophagostoma    Columbianum,    caudal 

extremity   male. 
"        4 — Oesophagostoma    Columbianum,    caudal 
extremity  female. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

141  and  142 


PLATE   14. 

Fig.  1 — Stephauuriis  Dentatus,  cephalic  ex 
tremity. 

"        2 — Syngamus  Trachealis,  male  and  female. 

''  3 — Trichocephalus  Crenatus,  1-female,  2- 
male. 

"        4 — Echinorhynclius   Canis. 

' '  5 — Echinorhynchus  Canis,  cephalic  ex- 
tremity. 

"  6 — Echinorhynchus  Canis,  section  througli 
uterus. 

"        7 — Trichina  Spiralis,  encysted  larva. 

' '        8 — Paragonimus   Westermanii. 


Inserted  X 
between  pages 

155  and   15o 


PLATE  15. 

Fig.  1 — Taenia   Marginata,    cephalic    extremity. 

' '  2 — Cysticercus    Tenuicollis. 

' '  3 — Taenia    Fimbriata,    cephalic    extremity. 

' '  4 — Cysticercus   Echinococcus,   cyst. 

"  5 — Cysticercus  Echinococcus  larvae. 


Inserted 

between  pages 

186  and  187 


XTl 


PARASITOLOGY. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

The  study  of  parasites  is  called  parasitology. 
The  study  of  worms  is  called  helminthology. 
The  condition  of  an  animal  infested  with  parasites 
is  called  parasitism. 

Organisms  that  live  upon  different  hosts  are  called 

FACULTATIVE  PARASITES. 

Organisms  that  pass  their  entire  life  upon  a  single 
host  cause  constant  parasitism. 

Parasites  that  visit  their  host  for  nourishment 
only,    as   is   the   habit   of    blood-sucking   flies,    are 

INTERMITTENT  PARASITES. 

Parasites  that  pass  part  of  their  life  external  to 
their  host,  as  species  of  the  bot-fly  family,  are  tran- 
sitory PARASITES. 

Parasites  that  can  live  only  upon  one  species  of 
animals  are  called  obligatory  parasites. 

Animal  parasites  are  separated  into  two  divisions, 
viz.:  Cctozoa,  or  external  parasites,  and  Entozoa, 
or  internal  parasites. 

Ectozoa  (ektos — without,  zoa — animal)  are  those 
parasites  that  live  outside  the  body. 

Entozoa  (entos — within,  zoa — animal)  are  those 
parasites  that  live  within  the  body. 

A  Parasite  is  an  organism,  animal  or  vegetable, 
that  lives  upon  another  organism,  animal  or  veg- 
etable. 

Parasites  are  placed  in  three  branches,  viz.:  Arth- 
ropoda.  Vermes,  and  Protozoa. 


10  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  Arthropoda  are  those  parasites  that  are  pro- 
vided with  jointed  legs.  This  branch  is  divided  into 
two  classes,  viz.:     Insecta  and  Arachnida. 

Under  the  class  Insecta  are  placed  the  orders : 
Diptera,  Siphonaptera  and  Hemiptera. 

The  order  Diptera  includes  the  following  families, 
viz.: 

Culicidae,  which  include  the  gnats  and  mosquitoes. 

Simuliidae,  which  include  the  buffalo  gnat. 

Tabanidae,  which  include  the  horse  and  ox  flies. 

Muscidae,  which  include  the  horn=fIy,  the  horse= 
fly,  etc. 

flippoboscidae,  which  include  the  sheep-tick. 

Oestridae,  which  include  the  bot-flies. 

The  order  Siphonaptera  includes  the  fleas. 

Under  the  order  Hemiptera  are  placed  the  follow- 
ing families,  viz.: 

Pediculidae,  which  include  the  blood-sucking  lice. 

Philopteridae,  which  include  biting  lice. 

Liotheidae,  which  include  lice  of  birds. 

The  first  two  families  live  upon  mammals. 

The  class  Arachnida  includes  the  orders  Acarina' 
and  Linguatulida. 

The  order  Acarina  includes  the  families  Ixodidae, 
Argasidae,  Gamasidae,  Trombidiidae,  Acaridae. 

The  family  Acaridae  is  divided  into  sub  families, 
!Sarcoptidae  and  Demodecidae. 

The  families  Ixodidae  and  Argasidae  include  the 
ticks. 

The  family  Gamasidae  includes  minute  parasites 
of  birds  and  small  animals. 

The  family  Trombidiidae  includes  the  chiggers. 


PARASITOLOGY.  11 

The  sub-family  Sarcoptidae  includes  the  scab  or 
mange  parasites. 

The  sub-family  Demodecidae  includes  the  follicu= 
iar  or  red  mange  parasite. 

The  order  Linguatulidae  includes  a  parasite  which 
in  the  adult  state  infests  the  nasal  chambers  of  the 
dog,  etc. 


CHAPTER  I. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  COMMON  EXTERNAL        v 
PARASITES. 

Branch Aruiropoda 

Class Insecta 

Order Diptera 

Family Culicidse 

Genus  and  Species Culex  Pipiens. 

Culex  Pungens. 

Anopheles  Punctipennis. 

Stegomia  Fasciata. 

Family Simuliidse 

Genus  and  Species Simulium  Pecuarum. 

Family Tabanidae 

Genus  and  Species Tabanus  Atratus. 

Tabanus  Lineola. 

Family Muscidae 

Genus  and  Species Musca  Domestica. 

Musca  Vomitoria. 

Lucilia  Macellaria. 

Sarcophaga  Carnaria. 

Glossina  Morsitans. 

Hematobia  Serrata. 

Stomoxys  Calcitrans. 

Family Hippoboscidae.Chrysops  Vittatus. 

Genus  and  Species Melophagus  Ovinus, 

Family Oestridae 

Genus  and  Species ...Gastrophilus  Equi. 

Gastrophilus  Hemorrhoi- 
dalis. 

Oestrus  Ovis. 

Hypoderma  Lineata. 
Order Siphonaptera (Siphon — tube;  a — with- 
out; pteron — wing.) 
Family Pulicidse 

12 


PARASITOLOGY.  13 

Genus  and  Species Pulex  Irritans. 

Pulex  Serraticeps. 
Pulex  Avium. 

Order Heraiptera 

Family Pediculidae 

Genus  and  Species Hematopinus  Asini. 

Hematopinus    Euryster- 

nus. 
Hematopinus  Vituli. 
Hematopinus  Suis. 
Hematopinus  Piliferus. 
Hematopinus  Stenopsis. 

Family : Philoptendse  .... 

Genus  and  Species Trichodectes  Pilosus. 

Trichodectes  Scalaris. 
Trichodectes    Spheroce- 

phalus. 
Trichodectes  Latus. 
Trichodectes   Subrostra- 
tus. 

Family Liotheidae 

Genus  and  Species — ^yienopon  Pallidum.  Menopon  Bise- 
riatum.  Lipeurus  Baculus.  Lipeurus  Infuscauus. 
Goniocotes  Hologaster.    Goniodes  Stylifer. 

Class Arachnida  

Order Acarina 

Family .- Gamasidse  

Genus  and  Species Dermanyssus  Gallinae. 

Family Trombidiidse 

Genus  and  Species Trombidium      Holoseri- 

cium. 
Leptus  Irritans. 

Family Acaridse  

Sub-Family Sarcoptidae.. 

Genus  and  Species Sarcoptes     Scabei    Var. 

Equi, 
Sarcoptes     Scabei    Var, 

Canis. 
Sarcoptes     Scabei    Var. 
Suis. 


14  PARASITOLOGY. 

Genus  and  Species — Co7itinued Sarcoptes     Scabei    Var. 

Ovis. 
Sarcoptes     Scabei    Var. 

Caprae. 
Sarcoptes   Mutans.  Var. 

Gallinae. 
Psoroptes    Communis 

Var.  Equi. 
Psoroptes    Communis 

Var.  Bovis. 
Psoroptes    Communis 

Var.  Ovis. 
Psoroptes    Communis 

Var.  Caprae. 
Symbiotes    Communis 

Var.  Equi. 
Symbiotes    Communis 

Var.  Bovis. 
Symbiotes    Communis 

Var.  Ovis. 
Symbiotes    Communis 

Var.  Caprae. 
Svmbiotes    Auricularum 

Var.  Canis. 
Cytodites  Nudus. 

Family Acaridae 

Sub-Family Demodecidae 

Genus  and  Species Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Equi. 
Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Bovis. 
Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Ovis. 
Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Suis. 
Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Canis. 
Demodex     Folliculorum 

Var.  Cati. 
Family Argasidae 


PARASITOLOGY.  15 

Genus  and  Species Argas  Miniatus. 

Ornithodoros  Megnini. 

Family [xodidae 

Genus  and  Species Rhipicephalus      Sangui- 
neus. 
Ixodes  Ricinus. 
Margarapus  Annulatus. 
Boophilus    Australis. 
Dermacentor    Electus. 
Derma'centor    Reticula- 

tus. 
Amblycmma    America- 
num. 

Order Linguatulida 

Genus  and  Species Linguatula  Rhinaria. 

Fungi Trichophyton      Tonsur- 
ans. 
Achorion  Schoenleinii. 
Achorion  Keratophagus. 
Saccharomyces  Albicans. 
Actinomyces  Bovis, 

INSECT  PARASITES. 

The  life  cycle  of  most  insect  parasites  is  divided 
into  four  stages,  viz.:  oval,  larval,  pupal  and  adult. 

The  oval  stage  is  the  first  stage— the  egg. 

The  larval  stage  is  the  second  stage — the  stage  in 
which  the  insect  is  a  worm. 

The  pupal  stage  is  the  third  stage— that  metamor- 
phosis passed  through  in  a  dirt  or  membranous  sac  ■, 
the  cocoon. 

The  adult  is  the  fourth  stage— the  mature  state. 

Some  insect  parasites  do  not  pass  through  the  oval 
stage. 

Those  parasites  belonging  to  the  class  insecta, 
anatomically  speaking  may  be  divided  into  three 
parts,  viz.:     The  head,  the  thorax  and  the  abdomen. 

The  head  is  provided  with  two  eyes,  two  antenna.-^ 
(feelers)  and  the  mouth  parts. 


16  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  antennae  are  composed  of  segments  (joints 
or  articles)  which  vary  in  number  according  to  the 
species. 

The  mouth  parts  are  provided  with  a  proboscis 
for  piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  blood,  or  with  an 
apparatus  for  sucking  up  liquid  substances. 

The  thorax  of  those  belonging  to  the  order  Diptera 
is  provided  with  three  pair  of  legs  and  one  pair  of 
wings.  Those  we  study  under  the  orders  Hemiptera 
and  Siphonaptera  are  provided  with  three  pair  of 
legs  only. 

With  regard  to  reproduction,  the  female  may  lay 
the  ova,  larva,  or  ova  containing  the  larva  fully  de- 
veloped. 

The  insect  laying  the  ova  is  called  oviparous 
(ova — egg,  parous — to  bring  forth). 

The  insect  producing  the  larva  is  called  vivipar= 
OUS  (vivo — living,  parous — to  bring  forth). 

The  parasite  producing  the  egg  with  the  larva 
fully  developed  within  is  called  ovoviviparous 

THE  FLIES. 

Mosquitoes — (Musca — fly,  ito — small.) 
History. — Mosquitoes  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  from  the  cold  countries  of  the  north  to  the 
hot  countries  of  the  south.  One  hundred  and  fifty 
species  have  been  described.  More  than  thirty  spe- 
cies are  found  in  the  United  States.  Among  the 
common  species  may  be  named  the  Culex  Pungens, 
Culex  Pipiens,  Culex  Equinus,  Stegomia  Fasciata, 
and  Anopheles  Punctipennis. 

Description. — Mouth  parts  provided  with  lancet-like 
piercing   mandibles ;    long,  slender  body ;    delicate, 


PARASITOLOGY.  17 

gauzy  wings  ;  antennae  composed  of  fourteen  seg- 
ments; three  pair  of  long  and  slender  legs;  one 
pair  of  eyes. 

Life  Cycle. — The  ova  are  laid  in  boat-shaped  masses 
on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  larvae  are  small, 
black,  worm-like  bodies,  with  forked  tails  in  which 
are  placed  the  breathing  tubes.  They  are  noted  to 
come  with  this  end  to  the  surface  of  the  water  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  oxygen.  They  are  found 
in  cisterns,  ponds  and  pools  of  water  everywhere, 
and  are  commonly  called  wlgglers.  They  pass  this 
stage  in  seven  days,  if  conditions  are  favorable. 
The  pupal  stage  is  passed  in  twenty-four  hours. 

The  ova  hatch  in  from  sixteen  to  twenty-four 
hours. 

Ariimals  Attacked. — Among  the  species  that  attack 
man  and  beast  are  the  Culex  Pipiens.  The  Culex 
Equinus  especially  attacks  the  horse.  The  genera 
Anopheles  and  Stegomia  furnish  species  which  attack 
man  and  communicate  the  protozoa  producing  mala- 
ria and  yellow  fever. 

Parts  Infested, — The  attack  is  made  upon  the  skin, 
principally  in  the  evening  and  at  night,  by  means  of 
the  stylet  of  its  rostrum.  In  piercing  the  skin  it 
instills  a  poison  which  produces  inflammation,  itching 
and  swelling. 

Prophylactic  Treatme7it. — It  has  been  suggested  to 
put  fish  in  the  ponds  and  large  bodies  of  water,  to 
consume  the  larvae.  Kerosene,  one  ounce  to  each 
fifteen  square  feet  of  water,  will  prevent  deposit  of 
ova.  Cisterns  and  wells  should  be  kept  screened. 
No  tin  cans  or  other  means  of  providing  pools  of 
water  should  be  allowed,  in  which  mosquitoes  might 


18  PARASITOLOGY. 

propagate.  Houses  should  be  screened.  Sleeping 
rooms  may  be  smoked  with  pyrethrum.  The  py- 
rethrum  should  be  molded  into  cones  and  dried. 
These  cones,  when  lighted,  will  smoulder  for  a  long 
time,  and  give  off  a  pungent  odor  which  does  not 
kill  the  mosquitoes,  but  stupefies  them,  rendering 
them  harmless. 

SiMULiUM  Pecuarum  (Pecus — cattle,  simulo — to  simulate.) 

Syiioyiym. — Buffalo  gnat. 

History. — Found  in  the  South,  along  the  Mississ- 
ippi river  and  its  tributaries.  Their  destructive  effect 
upon  animals  dates  back  as  far  as  1850. 

Description. — A  small  black  fly ;  abdomen  broad 
and  thick;  thorax  short,  thick  and  provided  with  a 
hump  from  which  it  gets  its  common  name,  resem- 
bling the  hump  of  a  buffalo.  The  antennae  are  com- 
posed of  eleven  segments.  Its  wings  are  wide  and 
short,  and  its  three  pair  of  legs  are  thick  and  short. 

Life  Cycle. — The  adult  flies  are  found  from  April 
until  after  June.  They  lay  from  5,000  to  10,000  eggs 
in  a  compact  mass  on  some  object  directly  over  the 
water's  edge.  Upon  hatching,  the  larva  falls  into 
the  water.  The  larva  is  composed  of  twelve  joints. 
It  fastens  itself  to  rocks  and  other  objects  in  the 
river  bed,  often  loosening  its  hold  and  floating  in  the 
current  till  another  favorable  place  is  found.  The 
larva  is  carnivorous.  The  pupal  stage  is  passed  in  a 
tough  brown  cocoon  with  the  upper  part  open.  This 
cocoon  is  fastened  to  sticks  and  other  objects  in  the 
water. 

Animals  hifested. — They  attack  the  animals,  as 
horses   and  cattle,  in  swarms.     By  means  of   their 


Plate  I. 


Fig.   1 — Tabanus 


Fiiu;-.  2 — Tabamis  Fig.   3 — Tabanus 


Atratus. 

Atratus. 

Liueola 

a,  Head  showing  anten- 
nae and  compound 
eyes. 

b,  Thorax    with   3   pair 
legs  and  1  pair  wings- 

c,  Abdomen. 

(Cephalic  extremity) 

a,  Tnorax. 

b,  Compound  eyes. 
0,    Antennae. 

d,    Kcstrum. 

8, 

b, 
c, 

Head. 

Thoiax. 

Abdomen. 

Fig-.     4 — Tabauu.s 
Liueola. 

Side  view,  showing 
proboscis. 


«/- 


Fig.   5 — Saroophaga  Fig.  6 — Hematobia 

Caruaria.  Serrata. 

a,  Compound  eyes.  a,     Head. 

b,  Thorax.  b,     Thorax. 

c,  Abdomen.  c,    Abdomen. 

d,  Young  larvae.  d,    Eggs. 


Fig.   7 — I-Musoa 
Vouiitoria. 

a,  Head. 

b,  Thorax. 

c,  Globular  shaped 

abdomen. 


Fig.    7 — II-Musca 
domestica. 

a,  b,  c,  same  as  I 


i}..  8 — «itomoxy»* 
Calcitrans, 

a,  Stilet. 

b,  Eyes. 

c,  Thorax. 

d,  Abdomen. 


Fig.   9 — Gastrophilus    Equi. 

(Fjmaie) 

a,  Head. 

b,  Thorax. 

c,  Wing. 

d,  Abdomen, 

e,  Ovipositor. 


Fig.     10 — Hematobia     Serrata 


(Eggshell), 
a,     Operculum. 


PARASITOLOGY.  19 

rostrum  they  pierce  the  skin,  suck  the  blood  and  in- 
still a  poison  into  the  wound  which  produces  inflam- 
mation and  pain.  The  animals  may  inhale  the  small 
insects  in  numbers,  and  in  this  way  they  produce 
irritation  which  results  in  mechanical  injury,  causing 
bronchitis  and  pneumonia.  Many  animals  die.  The 
greatest  loss  among  live  stock  has  been  reported  in 
the  lower  Mississippi  Valley. 

Treatment. — Rub  parts  affected  with  five  percent 
ammonia  water.  In  weak  animals  give  stimulants, 
as  carbonate  of  ammonia,  one  dram  ta  one  pint  of 
whiskey,  three  times  a  day.  Keep  animal  in  cool, 
dark  stable.  Solutions  of  quassia,  tobacco  and  oil 
of  tar  are  often  applied  externally  as  a  preventive. 

Tabanus  Atratus  (Ater — black j.   Horse-fly. 

Synonyms. — Mourning  horse-fly ;  large  black  horse- 
fly; black  gad-fly;  breeze-fly. 

History. — Widely  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States. 

Description. — The  largest  fly  of  the  family  Taban- 
idae.  It  measures  about  one  inch  in  length.  Entire 
fly  is  black.  The  wings  are  large,  and  set  almost  at 
right  angles  with  the  body.  Its  head  is  provided 
with  a  powerful  proboscis. 

Life  Cycle. — The  adult  fly  lays  her  eggs  in  moist 
places  ;  they  hatch  into  larvae  composed  of  twelve 
segments  each.  The  pupal  stage  is  passed  in  the 
ground,  and  lasts  only  a  few  days.  The  pupae  are 
nearly  an  inch  and  a  quarter  in  length.  The  adult 
emerges  from  the  pupa  by  splitting  the  case  length- 
wise. 

Animals  Attacked. — Horses  and  cattle  are  attacked 


20  PARASITOLOGY. 

during  the  warmer  parts  of  the  day.  By  means  of 
its  powerful  proboscis  it  pierces  the  skin  and  sucks 
the  blood.  Often  a  drop  of  blood  oozes  from  the 
point  of  puncture  after  the  insect  has  left  the  animal. 
They  do  not  attack  the  animal  in  swarms,  as  does 
the  buffalo  gnat,  nor  is  the  bite  so  poisonous. 
Horses  and  cattle  will  flee  from  the  buzzing  sound 
of  the  fly. 

Tabanus  Lineola  (Linea — line). 

Syiioyiym. — Green-head  horse-fly. 

History. — Found  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Most  abundant  in  the  prairie  districts. 

Description. — This  fly  is  about  the  size  of  the  honey 
bee.  Its  head  is  provided  with  a  powerful  proboscis 
for  sucking  blood,  and  is  a  brilliant  green.  Its  ab- 
domen is  elongated  and  brownish  in  color. 

Life  Cycle. — The  life  cycle  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Tabanus  Atratus,  passing  its  oval,  larval  and  pupal 
stages  in  moist  places. 

Ajiimals  Attacked. — They  attack  horses  and  cattle 
during  the  warm  part  of  the  day.  They  do  not  fly  in 
cold  or  damp  weather,  and  die  with  the  frosts  of  au- 
tumn. They  do  not  make  their  attack  in  large  numbers. 

MuscA  DoMESTiCA  (Domus — a  house,  Musca — fly). 

Synonym. — House-fly. 

History. — Found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 

Description. — Medium  size  ;  grayish  in  color.  Its 
head  is  provided  with  a  trumpet-shaped  suctorial  ap- 
paratus for  sucking  up  liquid  substances. 

Life  Cycle. — Oviparous.  The  eggs  are  oval  in 
shape  and  white  in  color.  They  breed  in  manure 
and  door-yard  filth. 


PARASITOLOGY.  21 

A?iimals  .It  tacked. — They  produce  irritation  by  their 
numbers  upon  the  skin  or  wounds  of  any  animal,  and 
by  imbibing  the  exudate  and  perspiration.  They 
carry  germs  from  the  wounds  or  excreta  of  one  ani- 
mal to  another. 

MuscA  VoMiTORiA(Vomitoria — causes  vomiting,  musca — fly.) 

Sy?t07iyi)is. — Blow-fly;  bluebottle  fly;  calliphora 
vomitoria. 

History. — Found  widely  distributed. 

Description. — The  fly  is  about  four  times  the  size 
of  a  house-fly.  Its  eyes  are  brownish  in  color  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  bluish  green. 

Life  Cycle.— The  eggs  are  oval  in  shape  and  white 
in  color.  They  are  deposited  on  decomposing  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matter,  in  the  wounds  of  animals 
and  in  fresh  manure  and  garbage.  When  the  weather 
is  hot  the  eggs  hatch  in  a  very  few  hours.  The 
larvae  are  called  maggots,  and  develop  rapidly. 
On  reaching  maturity  the  maggots,  if  in  a  wound, 
drop  to  the  ground  and  pass  through  the  pupal  stage 
in  a  short  time. 

LuciLiA  Macellaria. 

Sy7io7iyi7is. — Screw-worm  fly  ;  compsomyia  macel- 
laria ;  cayor  fly. 

Histo7y. — Found  throughout  the  world.  Its  great- 
est damage  is  done  in  hot 
climates. 

Desc7nptio7i.  —  The    fly     is 
about  one-half  inch  in  length 
Fig.  1-Cayor  Fly  Larva.      and  of  a  bluish  green  color. 

a.  Ventral  View  ;  b,  Side  View.        j^       j^^g      ^^^j.^^       longitudinal 

black   stripes   on   the  dorsal  surface  of  the    thorax. 


22  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  head  is  yellowish  or  reddish  in  color.  The 
thorax  and  abdomen  are  covered  with  short,  stiff 
black  hairs. 

Life  Cycle. — The  time  at  which  the  fly  appears  de- 
pends upon  the  latitude.  In  Texas  and  Louisiana 
they  appear  in  June  and  last  till  autumn.  The  female 
is  oviparous,  and  lays  as  many  as  200  eggs  at  one 
laying.  The  larvae  invade  the  wounds  of  animals, 
and  also  decaying  matter.  The  eggs  hatch  in  about 
nine  hours,  and  the  larvae  develop  rapidly.  The 
head  part  of  the  larva  is  provided  with  two  teat-like 
projections,  and  two  booklets.  The  segments  are 
also  provided  with  booklets.  Its  general  appearance 
is  like  that  of  a  screw,  from  which  it  gets  its  name 
(screw- worm).  In  the  wound  they  are  found  bur- 
rowing into  adjacent  tissue,  with  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity upright.  While  these  are  developing  other 
eggs  are  laid  in  the  wound.  The  pupae  are  brown 
in  color,  and  about  two-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  pupal  stage  is  passed  in  the  ground,  in  ten  days. 

Treatment. — Chloroform  injected  into  the  wound 
will  destroy  them ;  also  creolin  or  carbolic  acid 
solutions.  Curet  or  forceps  may  be  used  in  remov- 
ing them.  The  wound  can  then  be  treated  with  the 
zinc  and  lead  solution,  made  as  follows : 

^     Zinc    sulph 5vi 

Lead,  acetate 5i 

Water Oi 

Sarcophaga  Carnaria  (Sarcophagous — tiesh-eating). 
(Carnivora — dead  meat). 

Synonyms. — Flesh-fly;  gray  carnivorous  fly;  car- 
nivorous sarcophagus. 


PARASITOLOGY.  23 

History. — Distributed  throughout  the  world.  It 
was  first  described  in  1761  by  Linnaeus. 

Descriptio7i. — The  fly  is  about  the  size  of  the  musca 
vomitoria,  and  is  grayish  in  color.  Its  markings 
are  similar  to  those  of  the  house-fly. 

Life  Cycle. — The  female  is  viviparous;  lays  the 
larvae  on  fresh  meat  or  in  the  wounds  of  animals. 
The  fully  developed  larvae  seek  a  secluded  place 
and  in  a  few  days  pass  through  the  pupal  stage. 

Glossina  Morsitans  (Glossus — tongue;  Morsitans — biting.) 

Syno7iym, — Tse'  Tse'  fly. 

History. — It  is  found  in  swamps  and  river-bottoms 
in  Central  Africa. 

Descriptioji. — It  is  a  little  larger  than  the  common 
house-fly.  The  piercing  stylet  of  its  proboscis  is 
barbed,  and  is  twice  as  long  as  its  head.  The  thorax 
is  orange  colored,  with  four  black  lines  on  the  dorsal 
side.  The  abdomen  is  yellowish  white  and  the  wings 
are  dark  in  color. 

Animals  Attacked. — All  animals  except  the  ele- 
phant, zebra  and  hen  are  attacked.  It  pierces  the 
skin  instantly,  drawing  blood.  It  inoculates  the  an- 
imal with  the  Trypanosoma  Brucii,  the  protozoa 
producing  Nagana. 

Condition  Produced. — The  protozoon  lives  in  the 
blood;  high  elevation  of  temperature — 104°  to  106.5°; 
anemia;  oedema  in  region  of  the  head,  neck  and 
abdomen  ;   nasal  catarrh,  conjunctivitis,  etc. 

Post  Mortem  Findings. — Enlargement  of  lymph 
glands  and  liver  ;  spleen  dark  colored  and  friable ; 
petechia  and  hemorrhages  in  the  serous  membranes; 
atrophy  of  fat  tissue  and  muscular  structure. 


24  PARASITOLOGY. 

Hematobia  Serrata  (Hema — blood;  bios — life;  serra — saw.) 

Synonyms. — Horn-fly;    saw-fly. 

History. — It  was  introduced  into  this  country  in 
1887  by  an  importation  of  cattle  from  Europe.  It 
first  appeared  around  Philadelphia,  and  in  a  few 
years  was  found  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Description. — A  small  black  fly,  about  one-third 
the  size  of  the  common  house-fly.  When  at  rest 
the  wings  are  nearly  parallel  with  the  body. 
The  head  is  provided  with  a  proboscis  for  sucking 
blood. 

Life  Cycle. — The  flies  appear  with  warm  weather, 
and  die  with  the  frosts  of  autumn.  The  eggs  are 
oval  in  shape  and  brown  in  color,  and  are  laid  in  the 
fresh  feces.  The  eggs  are  nearly  straight  along  one 
side  and  the  larva  emerges  from  the  shell  by  raising 
a  long,  ribbon-shaped  strip  at  this  side.  The  ovum 
hatches  in  about  twenty-four  hours.  The  larvae 
reach  their  fully  developed  stage  in  about  five  days. 
They  then  burrow  into  the  ground  about  half  an 
inch,  where  they  pass  the  pupal  stage,  which  lasts 
about  eight  days. 

Aftimals  Attacked. — Cattle  are  most  often  attacked, 
the  flies  attacking  them  in  large  swarms,  burying 
themselves  in  the  hair  and  sucking  the  blood.  In 
rainy  weather  they  are  found  to  attack  the  animal 
under  the  belly.  At  night  they  may  be  found  in 
clusters  around  the  horns. 

Conditio7is  Produced. — The  constant  harassing  of 
the  animal  by  large  numbers  of  the  flies  causes  milch 
cows  to  fall  off  in  the  yield  of  milk.  Fattening  and 
other  animals  do  not  thrive. 

Treatinent. — Fish-oil  and  tar,  equal  parts,  will  i^eep 


PARASITOLOGY.  25 

the  flies  away.  Coal-tar  solutions,  such  as  creolin 
and  kreso,  keep  the  flies  away  for  only  a  short 
time. 

Stomoxys  Calcitrans  (Stoma — mouth,  calcitro — sting). 

Syjionyms. — Stomoxys  stabulans;  stable-fly;  sting- 
ing fly. 

History. — Widely  distributed,  they  appear  in  the 
latter  part  of  summer.  They  were  first  described  in 
1761. 

Descriptioji. — It  is  about  the  size  of  the  house-fly. 
When  at  rest  the  wings  are  nearly  at  right  angles. 
The  head  is  provided  with  a  solid,  elongated  stylet- 
shaped  proboscis,  bent  near  its  base. 

Life  Cycle.— The  ova  are  laid  in  the  fresh  feces, 
where  the  larval  stage  is  passed.  The  pupal  stage 
is  passed  in  the  ground. 

A?ii?nals  Attacked. — It  enters  stables  and  attacks 
horses  and  cattle.  Its  bite  is  severe,  causing  vesi- 
cles, which  rupture  and  produce  scab  ;  the  hair  be- 
comes erect  and  the  legs  become  sore.  This  fly  has 
been  thought  to  carry  the  germs  of  anthrax  and  of 
glanders,  by  attacking  healthy  animals  soon  after 
diseased  ones  have  been  feasted  upon. 

Chrysops  Vittatus. 

Synonyms. — Deer  fly;  striped  ear  fly. 

Description. — About  one-half  the  size  of  the  common 
house  fly.  Narrow  slender  thorax  and  abdomen,  yellowish 
with  brownish-black  stripes  running  longitudinally  of  the 
thorax  and  abdomen.  The  wings  are  set  out  from  the 
body  similar  to  the  stomoxys  and  are  banded  with  brown 
and  white  stripes.  The  mouth  parts  are  provided  with  a 
stjdette  with  which  it  pierces  the  skin  and  sucks  blood. 

Distribution. — They  are  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
wlhere  they  are  a  great  annoyance  to  horses  and  cattle. 


26  PARASITOLOGY. 

Melophagus  Ovinus  (Alallos — wool,  phagein — to  eat). 

Synonyms. — S;heep-tick ;  louse-fly. 

Description. — The  head  is  small  and  sunken  in  the  thorax. 
It  is  provided  with  a  tubular-shaped  proboscis  adapted  for 
piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  t'he  blood.  The  thorax  is 
distinctly  separated  from  the  abdomen,  and  is  provided 
with  three  stout  pair  of  legs,  which  are  covered  with  hair. 
The  last  segment  of  each  leg  is  provided  with,  a  bi-dentated 
claw.    The  abdomen  is  large,  and  glofoalar  in  shape. 

Life  Cycle. — The  female  lays  eight  to  ten  young  in 
the  form  of  pupae.  The  pupal  case  is  ovoid  in 
shape  and  brown  in  color,  and  is  cemented  to  a  few 
fibres  of  wool.     These  hatch  in  about  four  weeks. 

Animals  Infested. — They  are  found  most  abundant 
on  long-wooled  sheep.  After  shearing  they  have  a 
tendency  to  leave  the  sheared  sheep  for  the  lambs. 


Fig.  2— Melophagus  Ovinus.  Fi^.  3— Melophagus  Ovinus 

a,  Head  with  Piercing'  Rostrum  Pupa. 

b,  Thorax,  with  3  Pair  of  Legs.  a,  Pupa. 

c,  The  Large,  Globular  Abdomen.  b.  Wool  Fibers. 

They  live  upon  blood  of  the  host,  and  grease  or  yolk 
of  the  wool.  At  point  of  puncture  there  is  injected 
a  small  quantity  of  poison,  which  causes  irritation 
and  swelling. 

Symptoms. — The  infested  sheep  rubs,  scratches  and 
bites  itself.  When  present  in  large  numbers  these 
parasites  cause  unthriftiness  and  debility. 

Treatment. — The  sheep  dip  or  kerosene  emulsion 
will  kill  them. 

Gastropliilus  Equi   (Gaster-stomach)    (Equi — horse)    (Phileo — to  love. J 

Synonyms. — Horse  bot-fly;  oestrus  equi ;  gad-fly. 
History. — They    were    described    by    the    earliest 
writers  and  are  universally  found. 

Description. — A  fly  about  the  size  of  a  honey-bee  ; 


PARASITOLOGY.  27 

body  heavy,  and  covered  with  soft,  yellowish  hair. 
The  eyes  are  small.  The  female  is  provided  with  a  long 
ovipositor.     The  posterior  of  the  male  is  rounded. 

Life  Cycle. — The  eggs  are  oval  in  shape,  light  yel- 
low in  color,  and  are  cemented  to  the  hair  of  the 
animal  attacked,  principally  in  the  region  of  the  jaws 
and  fore  limbs.  The  fly  hovers  over  the  region  on 
which  the  ^^z  is  to  be  deposited,  then  darts  down, 
cements  it  to  the  hair  in  an  instant,  retreats  a  few 
feet,  hovers  again,  then  deposits  another  ^ZZ-  The 
cap  or  operculum  is  pushed  off  the  large  end,  through 
which  the  young  grub  escapes 
when  the  ^^^  is  hatched. 
The  eggs  hatch  in  three 
weeks.  The  animal,  by  lick- 
ing, gets  the  larva  into  its 
mouth ;  the  larva  finds  its  way 
to  the  stomach,  attaches  it- 
self to  the  pyloric  portion 
by  means   of    two   booklets 

(small  hooks)  and  remains  there  ten  months.  Upon 
reaching  the  fully  developed  larval  state  it  loosens 
its  hold,  passes  out  to  the  ground  with  the  feces, 
burrows  into  the  ground  one  inch  and  there  passes 
through  the  pupal  stage,  which  lasts  from  four  to 
six  weeks. 

Ajiimal  Attacked. — The  horse. 

Part  Infested. — The  stomach. 

Injury  to  Host. — Seldom  if  ever  any  injury. 

Treatment. — Two  drams  bisulphide  of  carbon  given 
in  capsule  followed  by  a  physic. 

Gastrophilus  Hemorrhoidalis  (Gaster — stomach) 

(Phileo — to  love) . 

Syno7iyms. — Oestrus    hemorrhoidalis;      red-tailed 
bot-fly;  bot-fly  of  horse. 


Fig.  4— Gastrophilus 
Larva. 

a,  Dorsal  View. 

b,  Ventral  View. 


Equi 


28  PARASITOLOGY. 

Histojy. — Found  in  common  with  the  Gastrophilus 
Equi  in  North  America  and  Europe. 

Description. — Not  so  largfe  as  the  Gastrophilus 
Equi.  The  thorax  is  covered  with  olive-gray  hair ; 
a  black  band  is  found  in  the  middle.  The  abdomen 
is  white  in  front,  black  in  its  median  part,  and  orange 
red  at  the  posterior  end. 

Life  Cycle. — The  eggs  are  oval  in  shape  and  black 
in  color.  The  larvae  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and 
swallowed,  and  then,  by  means  of  two  booklets,  at- 
tach themselves  to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
digestive  tract.  They  are  found  mostly  in  the  right 
and  left  sacks  of  the  stomach.  They  may  loosen 
their  hold  and  become  attached  at  another  point. 
They  often  become  attached  to  the  rectum,  causing 
itching,  and  rubbing  of  the  tail.  The  pupal  stage 
lasts  from  four  to  six  weeks,  and  is  passed  in  the 
ground. 

Animal  Attacked. — The  horse. 

Parts  Infested. — Stomach  and  intestines. 

Oestrus  Ovis  (Oestrus — gad-fly;  ovis — sheep). 

Syno7iyms. — Cephalemyia  ovis  (cephalo  —  head, 
myia — fly);  sheep-bot;  grub;  ^^ 

head-maggot ;  sheep  gad-fly.  ^^^     .<i^^b^     3 

History. — Found  in  Ameri-       ^S2    ^^^  ^ 

ca,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  S5/ 

Australia.  ^Sr 

Description.  —  Small,     yel-     ^.    ,    ^  ^^     t 

^  '      •'  Fig.  5— Oestrus  Ovis  Larva, 

lowish  gray  fly,  slightly  larger     a,  side  View, 
than   the    house-fly.       Body     b,  Posierior  view. 
covered  with  short  flne  hair.     The  abdomen  is  orna- 
mented with  five  rings ;  under  side  of  head  is  white. 


PARASITOLOGY.  29 

Life  Cycle. — The  fly  is  viviparous,  and  attacks  the 
sheep  and  goats  from  June  to  October,  but  only  in 
the  warmer  part  of  the  day.  It  deposits  its  larvae 
in  the  anterior  nares.  The  larva  is  provided  with 
two  booklets,  by  means  of  which  it  gradually  works 
its  way  to  the  frontal  sinuses,  where  it  passes  the 
larval  stage,  which  requires  ten  months.  It  then 
passes  out  to  the  ground,  burrows  into  the  ground 
and  there  passes  through  the  pupal  stage,  which  lasts 
from  four  to  six  weeks. 

Animals'  Attacked. — Sheep  and  goats. 

Parts  Infested. — Frontal  sinuses  and  turbinated 
bones  of  the  head. 

Condition  Produced. — The  sheep,  hearing  the  noise 
of  the  fly,  runs,  thrusts  its  nose  into  the  ground  or 
amongst  other  sheep,  and  strikes  at  its  nose  wnth  its 
feet  in  an  effort  to  rid  itself  of  the  pest,  which,  slug- 
gish at  other  times,  now  flies  at  the  nostrils  with 
great  rapidity.  The  larvae  work  their  way  to  the 
frontal  sinuses  by  means  of  booklets  and  contractility 
of  the  body.  In  the  frontal  sinuses  they  attach 
themselves,  by  means  of  two  booklets,  to  the  mucous 
membrane.  If  only  three  or  four  are  present  in 
the  sinuses  they  do  not  produce  much  disturbance, — 
a  slight  catarrhal  discharge  of  a  muco-purulent  na- 
ture. When  many  are  present  there  is  noted  a  pro- 
fuse muco-purulent  discharge  from  the  nostrils,  loss 
of  appetite,  frequent  coughing  and  sneezing,  slow, 
weak  gait,  and  tossing  of  the  head.  The  animal 
becomes  too  weak  to  rise,  and  finally  dies. 

Treatmejit. — Trephine  and  remove  larvae  with  for- 
ceps. 

Prophylactic  Treatment. — The  nose  may  be  smeared 


30  PARASITOLOGY. 

with  tar.  It  is  advocated  to  make  troughs  with  holes 
bored  in  sides  large  enough  for  a  sheep  to  lick  salt 
from.  Tar,  smeared  around  these  holes,  is  lodged 
on  the  nose  in  the  sheep's  efforts  to  get  the  salt. 

(Hypo — under) 
Hypoderma  Lineata  (derma — skin) 
(linea — line). 

Sy7i07iyins. — Oestrus  lineata.  Ox  gad-fly;  warble- 
fly;   grub-fly;  striped  hypoderma  ;  heel-fly. 

History. — A  species  found  in  America  ;  most  com- 
mon in  southern  states. 

Descriptio7i. — About  the  size  of  a  honey-bee.  Its 
body  is  black,  covered  with  fine  hair.  The  thorax  is 
ornamented  with  longitudinal  gray  bands.  The  fe- 
male is  provided  with  a  cone-shaped  ovipositor,  with 
which  she  deposits  her  eggs,  cementing  them  to  the 
hair. 

Life  Cycle. — The  fly  deposits  its  eggs  upon  the 
hair  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
heel.  From  this  point  the 
larvae  are  taken  into  the 
mouth  and  become  lodged 
in  the  mucous  membrane 
of  the  oesophagus.  The 
eggs  are  laid   in  summer     ^i^-  b-Hypoderma  Lineata 

Larva. 

and  the  larvae  are  found  in     a,  Dorsal  view 

their  most  fully  developed      ^'  '^^"^'"^^  ^'^^• 

stage   in    the    oesophagus    about    November.      At 

this  time    they    are    about   five-eighths    of   an   inch 

long.      They  now    leave    this   locality    and   wander 

through   the  connective  tissue  to  a  position  mider- 

neath  the  skin   in   the  region   of  the  back.      Here 


PARASITOLOGY.  31 

tumors  are  formed,  with  holes  at  their  summits. 
The  holes  become  larger  as  the  tumors  and  larvae 
develop.  The  larval  stage  lasts  ten  months.  In 
this  stage  they  are  called  grubs,  or  warbles.  By 
spring  they  have  developed  into  full-grown  larvae, 
and  leave  the  tumors  through  the  holes  in  the 
summits.  At  this  time  they  are  three-fourths  to 
seven  eighths  of  an  inch  long,  and  nearly  one-half 
inch  thick.  It  has  been  observed  that  they  leave 
behind  a  tough  brown  or  black  skin.  They  bur- 
row into  the  ground  and  pass  through  the  pupal 
stage  in  from  four  to  six  weeks. 

Animal  Attacked. — The  ox. 

Parts  Infested. — Oesophagus  and  sub-dermal  tu- 
mors in  region  of  back. 

Injury  to  Host. — Some  irritation.  If  attacked  by 
large  numbers  the  animal  does  not  thrive.  In  those 
cattle  that  are  slaughtered  during  the  grubby  season 
there  is  a  great  commercial  loss  to  hides,  on  account 
of  the  holes  in  the  skin.  The  percentage  of  cattle 
infested  varies  from  practically  none  in  the  northern 
states  to  seventy-five  or  eighty  percent  in  the  south- 
ern states. 

THE  FLEAS. 

PuLEX  Irritans  (Pulex — flea,  irrito — to  excite). 

Synonym. — Human  flea. 

History. — ^Common  in  dwellings  in  Europe.  Found 
in  the  United  States,  particularly  on  Pacific  coast. 

Description. — Body  flattened  from  side  to  side ; 
head  small  and  rounded;  stylet  arranged  for  piercing 
the  skin  and  sucking  the  blood;  two  eyes  and  two 
antennae.     The  abdomen  is  provided  with  nine  rings. 


32  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  leg^s  are  thick  and  strong,  terminating  in  two 
booklets  or  claws.  The  posterior  pair  are  the  long- 
est, giving  them  great  power  to  jump. 

Life  Cycle. — The  eggs  are  ovoid  in  shape  and 
brown  in  color ;  they  hatch  in  from  six  to  twelve 
days,  depending  upon  the  temperature.  The  larvae 
are  worm-like  and  are  composed  of  thirteen  seg- 
ments. The  mouth  parts  are  arranged  for  mastica- 
tion. The  larval  stage  lasts  about  eleven  days ;  they 
then  pass  their  pupal  stage  in  tough  brown  cocoons. 
The  cocoon  stage  lasts  about  fourteen  days. 

Fleas  breed  in  filth,  carpets,  rugs,  kennels  and 
barns. 

Animal  Infested. — Man. 

Injury  to  Host. — In  the  adult  state  they  attack  the 
skin.    The  puncture  causes  itching  and  inflammation. 

Treatment.— Cleanliness;  pyrethrum  or  tobacco 
dust  sprinkled  in  the  infested  quarters. 

PuLEX  Serraticeps  ( Scco — to  cut). 

Synonym. — Ctenocephalus   Canis,   dog  and  cat  flea 
(Fleon — to  flee). 

History. — Universally  found. 

Descriptio7i. — Similar  in  appearance  to  the  Pulex 
Irritans,  with  the  exception  that  it  is  provided  with 
fifteen  to  eighteen  spines  on  the  posterior  margin  of 
the  pro-thorax.  In  the  preceding  species  the  thorax 
is  entirely  nude. 

Life  Cycle. — Eighteen  to  twenty  eggs  are  laid  in 
some  dirty  or  dusty  corner,  which  pass  through  the 
same  stages  as  the  preceding  species. 

Animals  hifested. — They  attack  the  cuticular  sur- 
face of  dogs,  cats  and  men. 

Treatment. — Dogs  can  be  dipped  in  a  five  per-cent 


Plate  II, 


Figr.   1 — Suctorial    apparatus. 
(Musca     Donicstioa). 


Figr.  2 — Piercing    apparatus. 
(Stoinoxys    Calcitrant). 

a,  Proljoscis. 

b,  l^alpi. 


.,,.,s*^= 


Fig.   3 — Pulex    Serraticeps 

a,  Mandibles. 

b,  Palpi. 

c,  Anterior  pair   of  legs. 

d,  Ocelli. 

e,  Antennae. 

f,  Thorax. 

g-,   Abdomen. 

h,   H'ooklets  on  terminal  tarsus. 


*=;3^ 


Fis.    4 — Trombidium    Holoseri- 
ciuni. 

a,   Piercing    mandibles, 
b.   Palpi, 
c,  Uterus. 


Figr.  o — Dermanyssus  Galliuae. 

a,  Rostrum. 

b.  Palpus. 


Fig.  6 — Cytodites    Nudus. 

a,  Rostrum. 

b,  Ambulacrum. 

c,  Pedicle    to    same. 


PARASITOLOGY.  33 

solution  of  creolin.  Creolin  may  prove  fatal  to  cats. 
Tobacco  dust  or  pyrethrum  may  be  dusted  in  infested 
quarters. 

PuLEX  Avium  (Avis — bird). 

Synonym. — Bird  flea. 

History. — Found  in  central  and  western  United 
States. 

Description. — The  head  is  rounded,  and  is  not  pro- 
vided with  spines  on  the  lower  border,  but  a  row  of 
minute  bristles  is  found  on  the  side.  The  mandibles 
are  short. 

Animals  Infested. — The  attack  is  made  principally 
upon  small  birds. 

THE  LICE. 

Phthiriasis  (Lousiness) — (Louse). 

Phthiriasis  is  the  condition  of  an  animal  or  bird 
infested  with  lice.  The  lice  infesting  the  domestic 
animals  are  divided  into  three  families,  viz.:  Pedicu^ 
lidae,  Philopteridae  and  Liotheidae. 

Under  the  first  is  placed  the  genus  Hematopinus. 
Under  the  second  is  placed  the  genus  Trichodectes. 

Those  species  of  lice  belonging  to  the  genus  Hem- 
atopinus are  provided  with  a  piercing  apparatus 
which  projects  anteriorly  from  the  head.  They  live 
upon  the  blood  of  the  host. 

Those  species  belonging  to  the  genus  TrichodeC' 
tes  are  provided  with  mouth  parts  arranged  on  the 
under  part  of  the  head.  They  live  by  mastication 
from  epidermis  and  hair  of  the  host. 

The  lice  are  oviparous ;  the  eggs  are  called  nits 
and  are  cemented  to  the  hair.  The  eggs  are  oval  in 
shape  and  white  in  color. 

Sympioyns. — Infested  horses  and  cattle  are  noted 
to  rub  against  fences  and  posts,  corners  of  buildings, 


34  PARASITOLOGY. 

in  an  effort  to  relieve  themselves  of  the  itching  sen- 
sation produced  by  the  lice.  Cattle  are  noted  to  lick 
themselves.  The  hair  has  a  rough,  stairy,  matted 
appearance.  Dogs  scratch  and  bite  themselves,  show- 
ing evidence  of  great  pruritus.  The  hair  becomes 
matted  or  scratched  off  ]  and  emaciation  follows. 
Sheep  and  goats  show  much  the  same  symptoms. 
In  hogs,  the  animals  rub  and  scratch.  Upon  close 
examination  the  lice  and  nits  can  be  found.  In  hogs 
a  favorite  place  for  the  lice  to  deposit  their  eggs  is 
in  the  folds  of  skin  posterior  to  the  ears.  In  later 
stages  the  animals  may  become  emaciated. 

Lousiness  is  noted  to  be  more  prevalent  in  winter 
and  spring,  on  account  of  close  association  of  animals 
during  these  seasons,  and  the  long  hair,  which  forms 
a  protection  for  them. 

Treatment. — All  quarters,  stalls,  mangers,  harness, 
blankets,  curry-combs,  rub-rags,  etc.,  should  be  dis- 
infected. If  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  the  horse  may 
be  clipped. 

The  animals  may  be  sponged  or  dipped  in  any 
of  the  following,  or  in  a  five-percent  solution  of  cre- 
olin  or  kreso  : 

^     Tobacco   stems 3iv 

Water gal.  i 

M.  Sig. — Boil  for  thirty  minutes. 

I^     Stavesacre   seeds oiv 

Water gal.  i 

M.  Sig. — Boil  for  thirty  minutes. 

I^     Quassia   chips 5iv 

Water i_._gal.i 

M.  Sig. — Boil  for  thirty  minutes. 

For  hogs,  the  kerosene  emulsion,  sprayed  on  the 


PARASITOLOGY.  35 

herd  by  means  of  a  sprinkling  can  or  spray-gun  will 
be  found  to  be  very  effective  treatment.  The  emul- 
sion is  made  as  follows : 

I^     Kerosene gal.  ii 

Common  soap 5viii 

Water gal.i 

M.  Sig.— Dissolve  the  soap  in  boiling  water ;  add 
this  solution  boiling  hot  to  the  kerosene,  stirring  the 
mixture  for  ten  minutes. 

When  used  this  emulsion  is  usually  diluted  as  fol- 
lows :     One  part  emulsion  to  nine  parts  water: 

Hematopinus  (Hema — blood,  pinein,  to  drink). 

The  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  blood- 
suckers, and  are  much  larger  than  the  biting  lice. 
They  are  bluish  in  color.  The  head,  thorax  and 
abdomen  are  distinct.  The  head  is  provided  with  a 
rostrum  which  projects  anteriorly.  It  is  arranged 
for  piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  blood.  There  are 
two  simple  eyes  and  two  antennae  (feelers).  Each 
antennae  is  composed  of  four  or  five  articles,  or  seg- 
ments. The  thorax  is  wider  than  the  head,  and  is 
provided  with  three  pair  of  legs.  The  legs  are 
short  and  strong,  and  the  terminal  segments  are  pro- 
vided with  one  or  two  booklets.  By  means  of  these 
booklets  the  louse  is  enabled  to  creep,  and  to  hold 
on  to  its  host.  The  abdomen  is  large  and  is  usually 
composed  of  nine  segments.  The  female  is  larger 
than  the  male. 

The  following  are  the  common  species  of  blood- 
sucking lice  : 

Hematopinus  Asini  (Asinus — assj. 
Sy7i07iyni. — Hematopinus  Macrocephalus. 


36  PARASITOLOGY. 

Animal  hifested. — The  horse. 

Descriptio7i. — The  head  is  long  and  narrow.  A 
deep  notch  is  noted  just  back  of  the  attachment  of 
the  antennae.  In  this  notch  are  located  the  eyes. 
The  abdomen  is  oval.  A  few  hairs  or  bristles  are 
found  on  the  head,  legs  and  body.  The  legs  are 
composed  of  four  articles  each,  and  the  antennae  of 
five. 

Hematopinus  Eurysternus  (Euros — broad) . 

Sy7i07iym. — The  broad-nosed  ox-louse. 

Animal  hifested. — Cattle. 

Description. — The  head  is  short  and  broad  ;  the 
thorax  is  wider  than  long,  and  widest  at  the  posterior 
border.  The  abdominis  large  and  oval  and  a  broad 
stripe  is  noted  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  abdomen  of 
the  male ;  on  the  female  two  black  blotches  are 
found  on  the  terminal  segment.  This  louse,  like  the 
preceding  one,  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long. 

Hematopinus  Vituli  (Vitulus — calf). 

Syno7tyms, — Hematopinus  Tenuirostris  ;  the  long- 
nosed  ox-louse. 

Ani77ials  hifested — Cattle. 

Desc7'iptio7i. — The  head  is  long  and  slender  and 
somewhat  sunken  in  the  thorax.  The  thorax  is 
longer  than  broad.  The  abdomen  is  also  long  and 
slender  and  the  entire  louse  has  a  long  and  slender 
appearance. 

Hematopinus  Suis  (Suis — hog). 
Sy7io7iy77is. — Hematopinus  Urius ;  Hematopinus  Ir- 
ritans. 

A7iimal  hifested. — The  hog. 

Description. — Largest  species  of  the  genus.     Five 


PARASITOLOGY. 


37 


hairs  are  noted  on  each  side  of  its  piercing  stylet. 
Two  protuberances  are  noted  just  posterior  to  the 
attachment  of  the  antennae,  forming  deep  notches. 
The  legs  are  marked  by  dark  bands  at  the  joint. 
The  terminal  end  of  the  last  segment  is  provided 
with  one  large  and  one  small  claw,  and  between 
them   is  found  a  disk   that  is  provided  with  small 


Fig.  7— Hematopinus  ^i  .-      Fhutomicrograph,  lx%  inch, 

a,  Head  with  piercing  stylet. 

b,  Antennae— 5  segments. 

c,  Deep  notch  in  which  the  eyes  are  implanted, 

d,  Claws  on  end  of  terminal  segment. 

e,  Abdomen. 

f,  Thorax,  bearing  3  pair  of  legs. 

spikelets,  thus  giving  it  a  great  power  to  hold  on. 
It  is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long. 

While  this  louse  is  found  on  all  parts  of  the  body, 
a  favorite  place  is  in  the  folds  of  skin  just  back  of 
the  ears,  where  the  nits  or  eggs  may  be  found  in 
abundance. 


38  PARASITOLOGY. 

Hematopinus  Piliferus  (Pilus — a  hair). 

Animal  Infested. — This  is  the  blood-sucking  louse 
of  the  dog. 

Description. — Its  head  is  short,  almost  as  long  as 
broad.  The  antennae  and  legs  are  short  and  the 
abdomen  is  large  and  oval  in  shape. 

Hematopinus  Stenopsis  (Stenos — narrow). 
Animals  Infested. — Goats  and  sheep. 
Description. — The  head  is  long  and  narrow;  thorax 
short ;  abdomen  long. 

Trichodectes  (Trix— a  hair;  dectos— biter). 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  small  and  light  in 
color.  The  mouth  parts  are  located  on  the  under 
side  of  the  head.  The  mandibles  are  strong  and  are 
arranged  for  mastication.  The  head  is  provided 
v-ith  two  simple  eyes  and  two  short  antennae.  The 
head  is  as  wide  as  long,  and  wider  than  the  thorax. 
The  abdomen  is  globular  in  shape  and  divided  into 
nine  segments.  Its  food  consists  principally  of  epi- 
dermis. 

Trichodectes  Pilosus  (Pilos— a  hair). 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ass  and  the 
mule. 

Description. — The  head  is  rounded  in  front ;  the 
antennae  are  inserted  well  back  and  are  composed 
of  three  articles  each.  The  abdomen  is  oval  and 
tapers  posteriorly. 

Trichodectes  Scalaris  (Scalaris — to  climb — a  ladder). 

Animals  hifested. — Cattle. 

Description.— This,   species   is  very  common.     Its 


PARASITOLOGY. 


39 


head  is  crescent-shaped  and  scarcely  as  wide  as  long. 
The  abdomen  is  narrow  and  rather  ovoid  in  form, 
and  is  comprised  of  nine  segments.  The  legs  are 
short  and  are   equipped  with  claws  which   aid  it  ^n 


Fig.  8— Trichodectes  Scalaris— magnified. 
a,Mouih  Parts.  c,  Legs.  e.  Thorax. 


b,  Antennae. 


d,  Head. 


f,  Abdomen. 


holding  on  to  its  host.     A  few  scattering  hairs  are 
noted  over  the  head,  legs  and  abdomen. 

Trichodectes  Spherocephalus  (Spher — a  sphere) 

(Cephala — a  head). 

Animal  Infested. — This  louse  infests  sheep. 

Description. — The  head  is  nearly  as  wide  as  lon£\ 
the  anterior  part  being  crescent  shaped.  The  thorax 
is  narrower  than  the  head;  the  abdomen  is  oval  in 
shape  and  the  legs  are  short.     It  is  common. 


40  PARASITOLOGY. 

Trichodectes  Latus  (Latus — broad). 

Animal  hifested. — The  dog. 

Descriptio7i. — The  head  is  wider  than  long  ;  the 
antennae  and  legs  are  short  and  each  is  composed  of 
three  articles  or  segments;  the  abdomen  is  globular 


Fig.  9— Trichodectes  Scalaris— Ovum. 

a,  Ovum  in  Process  of  Segmentation,  b,  Hair. 

lx%  inch,  magnified. 

in  shape.     It  is  the  host  of  the  Cryptocyst,  which  is 
the  larvae  of  the  Taenia  Canina. 

Trichodectes  Subrostratus. 

Animal  Infested. — The  cat. 

Descriptio7i . — The  head  is  slightly  longer  than 
broad,  and  pointed  in  front;  the  abdomen  is  ellip- 
tical in  shape;  the  legs  and  antennae  are  short,  and 
are  composed  of  three  articles  each. 

LlOTHEIDAE. 

The  lice  of  chickens  belong  to  the  family  Liothei- 
dae.     The  lice  from  birds  roosting  in  the  barn,  or 


PARASITOLOGY.  41 

whose   quarters  are  separated  only  by  a  partition, 
may  get  upon  horses  and  cattle  and  cause  temporary 
parasitism.     Each  parasite  has  its  own  host  or  hosts 
and  will  not  live  permanently  upon  another. 
Lice  of  Birds. 

The  Large  Hen  Louse. — Menopon  Biseriatum. 
This  is  the  largest  louse  found  upon  the  hen.  It 
is  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  in  length,  light  in 
color,  with  mouth  parts  arranged  for  mastication  as 
illustrated  in  Fig.  10.  The  free  extremities  of  the  legs 
are  provided  with  booklets  which  aid  in  holding  on. 

The  smaller  variety  of  this  genus,  Menopon 
Pallidum,  also  has  been  studied,  but  is  far  less 
common  in  the  United  States.  This  louse  is  found  on 
young  and  old  chickens. 

CO  V 

q:      - 


Figr.  10. — Menopon  biseriatum  (from  a  hen),  greatly  enlarged;  a, 
head,  which  is  provided  with  mouth  parts;  b,  thorax  provided  with 
three  pairs  of   legs;    c,   abdomen. 

The  Turkey  Louse. — Goniodes  Stylifer.  This 
louse  is  found  on  turkeys  and  is  thicker  than  the 
one  just  described.  Like  it,  the  mouth  parts  are 
arranged  for  mastication.     It  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  IL 

LiPEURUS  /nfuscatus.  This  is  another  louse  that 
may  infest  chickens.  A  study  of  Fig.  13,  shows  its 
mouth  parts  and  legs  similar  to  the  other  lice.  Its 
general  shape  is  different.  It  is  not  so  common  as  the 
large  hen  louse. 


42  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  Pigeon  Louse. — Lipeurus  Baculus.  This 
is  a  long,  slender,  light  colored  louse  with  mouth 
parts  arranged  for  biting,  and  its  legs  are  provided 
with  booklets  which  aid  it  in  holding  to  the  feathers. 
It  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  15. 

GoNiocoTES  HoLOGASTER. — This  is  still  another 
louse  that  sometimes  infests  chickens.  In  many 
respects  it  resembles  the  louse  of  the  turkey,  but 
it  is  a  distinct  species.  It  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  14. 
Like  the  others,  its  mouth  parts  are  arranged  for 
biting. 

Life  History. — The  females  are  slightly  larger  than 
the  males.  The  females  lay  oval,  white,  or  whitish- 
yellow  eggs  (nits)  and  securely  cement  them  to  the 
barbs  of  the  feathers.  This  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  12. 
The  lice  hatch  in  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  in  warm 
weather,  by  breaking  open  the  ends  of  the  eggs.  The 
young  have  much  the  same  shape  as  the  adults,  but 
are  usually  lighter  in  color.  The  males  are  usually 
less  numerous  than  the  females. 

Conditions  Produced. — Chicks  hatched  in  the  in- 
cubator are  free  from  lice  and  stay  free  until  placed 
with  lousy  hens  or  chicks,  or  in  lousy  quarters.  Lice 
produce  much  irritation.  The  effect  of  large  numbers 
upon  chickens  is  quite  marked.  The  hens  scratch  and 
pick  at  the  feathers,  show  signs  of  being  drowsy,  may 
refuse  to  eat,  and  in  growing  birds,  body  development 
is  interfered  with.  Young  chicks  often  sit  around, 
moping,  with  wings  hanging  down,  and  finally  in  a 
week  or  two  may  die.  For  this  reason,  brooder  chicks 
thrive  better,  grow  faster,  and  are  free  from  many 
ailments  than  chicks  hatched  by  the  hen.  It  has  been 
said  that  a  lousy  bird  will  have  more  of  a  tendency  to 


PARASITOLOGY. 


43 


dust  than  one  not  lousy.  The  effect  upon  the  older 
birds  is  not  so  severe  as  upon  the  younger  ones,  but 
it  is  shown  in  condition  of  flesh  and  low  production 
of  eggs.  The  irritation  is  sometimes  so  severe  that 
hens  desert  their  nests.  Their  combs  may  become 
dark.  Birds  unable  to  rest  day  or  night  become  ema- 
ciated and  die. 

To  find  the  lice,  part  the  feathers ;  the  lice  will  be 
found  running  over  the  skin  or  bases  of  the  feathers. 
A  favorite  location  for  the  lice  is  under  the  wings 
where  the  temperature  Is  warmer,  although  they  may 
be  found  on  any  part  of  the  body. 


Fig-.   11. 


pig.  12. 


Fig.   13. 


Pig.  ii—Goniodes  stylifer,  rfrom  a  turkey),  ventral  view:  a. 
mouth  parts;  b,  antennae;  c,  legs,  provided  with  hooklets  on  the 
free  extremity  of  the  last  segments.  To  the  right  of  the  head  is  a 
line   indicating  the   actual   size   of  the  louse.  _  ^„„4-^/i    +„ 

Yig.  12.— An  egg  of  the  turkey  louse.  The  egg  is  cemented  to 
the    barb    of    the    feather    at    a.  ,       ^      ^         , 

Yig.    13. — Lipeurus    infuscatus,     (from    a    hen),    female, 
parts;    b,    abdomen. 


mouth 


44  PARASITOLOGY. 

Lice  may  be  found  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  but 
are  more  common  in  the  hotter  months  of  July  and 
August.  In  these  months,  conditions  are  more  favor- 
able to  their  propagation. 

Treatment  of  Infested  Birds  and  Eradication  of 
Lice. — The  chickens  should  be  dusted  with  insect 
powder  (pyrethrum)  or  pyrethrum  and  sulphur  equal 
parts,  or  a  combination  of  these  with  tobacco  dust, 
which  can  be  secured  from  a  tobacco  factory.  This 
powder  can  best  be  dusted  among  the  feathers  by  aid 
of  a  powder  gun,  which  can  be  secured  at  a  drug 
store.  It  can  also  be  placed  in  the  dusting  places.  In 
ridding  the  birds  of  lice,  it  will  be  well  to  keep  in 
mind  that  frequent  dusting  with  powder  will  be  neces- 
sary, as  the  eggs  or  nits  are  not  all  likely  to  be  killed 
by  the  powder.  Another  means  of  ridding  chickens 
of  lice  is  to  dip  them  in  five  per  cent  solution  of 
Creolin,  Kreso  dip,  or  the  same  per  cent  of  Zenoleum. 

After  the  flock  has  been  freed  from  lice,  care 
should  be  exercised  that  a  reinfestation  is  not  brought 
about  by  the  introduction  of  lousy  birds.  The  hen- 
house in  which  lousy  birds  are  located  should  be 
thoroughly  and  frequently  cleaned  and  the  walls 
whitewashed.  The  whitewash  should  contain  in  it 
some  parasiticide  as  carbolic  acid  five  per  cent,  creolin 
fiVe  per  cent,  or  corrosive  sublimate  one  part  to  a 
thousand.  The  roosts  should  be  scrubbed  with  boil- 
ing water,  and  after  drying  in  the  sun,  should  be 
saturated  with  kerosene.  If  the  hen  house  be  tightly 
closed  and  thoroughly  fumigated  with  sulphur,  it  will 
aid  in  destroying  lice  or  other  parasites  that  may  be 
in  the  cracks  and  crevices  and  difficult  to  reach  with 


PARASITOLOGY. 


45 


the  whitewash.  The  litter  and  straw  should  be 
removed  from  the  nests  and  burned,  and  the  nests 
should  be  disinfected  and  new  straw  provided.  Be- 
fore re'filling  with  straw,  an  inch  of  slaked  lime  should 
be  placed  in  the  bottom. 


Fig.    14. 


Fig.    15. 


Fig. 


Fig.  14. — Goniocotes  hologaster,  a  louse  (from  a  hen),  ventral 
view;  a,  mouth  parts:  b,  antennae;  c,  booklets  on  free  extremity 
of    leg.      The    small    mark    to    the    right    indicates    the    natural    size. 

Fig.  15. — Lipeunis  baculus,  from  the  pigeon.  Letters  indicate 
same  parts  as  in  Fig.  14. 

Fig.  16. — Sarooptes  mutans,  variety  g:allinae,  the  scab  parasite 
producing  scaly  legs  in  the  hen.  a,  the  mouth  parts  with  which  it 
wounds  the  skin  and  causes  serum  to  exude;  b,  the  short  legs;  c, 
the    small    dot    indicates    its    natural    size. 

ARACHNIDA. 

The  parasites  belonging  to  this  class  are  not  in- 
sects,— the  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  are  not  dis- 
tinct, and  the  head  is   not  provided  with  antennae. 


ACARINA. 

Under  this  order  we  study  the  following  families, 
and  sub-families,  viz: 


46  PARASITOLOGY. 

Gamasidae  and  Trombidiidae,  to  which  belong 
species  of  parasites  infesting  birds  and  small  ani- 
mals.    (The  chig'ger  belongs  to  the  latter  family. 

Sarcoptidae  (Sarco — flesh  ;  kopto^ — to  cut.)     This 
sub-ifamily  is  divided  into  three  important  genera/ 
producing  scabies  in  all  animals.     It  includes  the  air- 
sac  mite. 

Demodecidae  include  the  parasites  that  produce 
follicular  or  red  mange. 

Argasidae  and  Ixodidae  include  the  ticks. 

In  these  parasites  the  divisions  of  head,  thorax  and 
abdomen  are  not  distinctly  marked,  macroscopically. 
They  are  all  blood-suckers.  The  head  is  provided 
with  a  stylet  for  piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  the 
blood.  The  piercing  mandibles  are  surrounded  by 
two  palpi.  The  eyes  are  small  or  wanting.  The 
larva  is  provided  with  three  pair  of  legs,  the  adult 
with  four.  The  free  extremity  of  the  last  segment 
is  provided  with  a  booklet,  ambulacrum  or  pulvillum, 
which  aids  the  parasite  in  holding  on  to  its  host. 

ACARIASIS. 

This  is  a  condition  of  an  animal  being  infested 
with  some  species  of  parasites  belonging  to  the  order 
Acarina.  There  are  two  kinds  of  Acariasis,  viz : 
Psoric  and  non-psoric. 

Psoric  Acariasis  is  a  condition  in  which  the  para- 
sites produce  scab  ;  infested  by  species  of  the  sub- 
families Sarcoptidae  and  Demodecidae. 

Non=Psoric  Acariasis  is  a  condition  in  which  the 
parasite  does  not  produce  scab  ;  infested  by  species 
of  the  families  Gamasidae,  Trombidiidae,  Argasidae 
and  Ixodidae. 


PARASITOT.OGY.  47 

THE  ACARI. 

Dermanyssus  Gallinae  (Derma — skin;  gallus — acock). 

Sy7io?iym. — Chicken  mite. 

History. — Universally  found  in  hen-houses. 

Description. — They  are  very  small,  as  the  word 
"mite"  indicates.  The  body  is  ovi-pyriform  in  snape 
and  broadest  through  the  posterior  third.  The  pierc- 
ing stylet  is  cone  shaped,  and  on  either  side  is  a 
rounded  palpus.  The  color  of  the  body  is  yellowish 
red,  depending  on  the  amount  of  blood  contained  in 
the  digestive  tract.  The  legs  are  arranged  on  the 
anterior  half  of  the  body. 

Animals  Infested. — Birds. 

Co7iditio7i  Produced.— They  attack  the  birds  in 
large  numbers,  piercing  the  skin  and  sucking  the 
blood,  and  produce  great  irritation  (pruritus).  They 
may  even  ^cause  death  of  the  host.  Infested  set- 
ting hens  may  leave  their  nests.  The  parasites  hide 
in  the  nests,  and  cracks  and  crevices  of  the  building. 
If  the  nests  are  in  the  same  building  with  horses  or 
cattle,  or  if  the  birds  so  infested  roost  in  the  Srtable 
with  larger  animals,  the  mites  may  become  tempo- 
rary parasites  of  the  larger  animals,  causing  pruritus 
and  scratching,  rubbing,  rough  coat,  etc. 

Treatment. — Roosts,  nests  and  buildings  should  be 
w^hitewashed  with  limewater  to  which  has  been  add- 
ed creolin  or  kreso.  The  roosts  should  be  drenched 
with  kerosene.  Pyrethrum  and  sulphur,  equal  parts, 
may  be  sprinkled  in  the  nests  two  or  three  times  a 
week. 

Tromridium  Holosericeum   (Trombos — harvest) 

(holo — whole  ) 


48  PARASITOLOGY. 

Synonyms. — Chiggtv ;  mite;  harvest  bug;  red  mite. 

History. — Found  in  Europe  and  America. 

Description. — This  parasite  is  just  visible  to  the 
unaided  eye.  The  body  is  oval  in  shape  and  reddish 
in  color;  the  legs  are  provided  with  six  articles 
each,  the  terminal  end  of  the  last  segment  being  fur- 
nished with  two  booklets  and  a  hair  ;  the  piercing 
apparatus  is  conical  in  shape  and  on  either  side  is 
found  a  palpus ;  the  legs  are  located  on  the  anterior 
half  of  the  body. 

Lz/e  Cycle. — The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  cracks  and 
crevices  and  in  the  filth  of  hen  houses,  where  they 
hatch,  the  q^z  first  hatching  into  the  six-legged  mite, 
which  moults  and  develops  into  the  eight-legged 
state. 

Animal  Infested. — They  infest  the  cuticular  surface 
of  birds  and  small  animals,  and  pierce  the  skin  and 
suck  the  blood,  producing  great  irritation,  which  may 
cause  death.  They  may  become  parasites  of  large 
animals  if  the  infested  birds  roost  in  quarters  adja- 
cent to  or  within  the  stable. 

Treatment. — Same  as  for  Dermanyssus.    One  inch 
air  slaked  lime  in  bottom  of  nests.    Dip  hens  in  I5& 
creolin. 
Leptus  Irritans  (Leptus — thin,  small;  irrito — to  irritate.) 

Syno7iym. — Chigger. 

History, — Found  in  the  grass  and  timber  during 
the  hot  part  of  summer. 

Description. — Always  in  the  larval  form  ;  the  body 
is  nearly  round ;  the  head  is  broad  and  is  provided 
with  piercing  mandibles.     It  is  bright  red  in  color. 

Animals  Infested. — The  parasite  is  brushed  from 


PARASITOLOGY.  49 

the  leaves  of  veg^etation  by  man  or  animal,  when  it 
buries  itself  in  the  skin  and  produces  intense  itching. 
Treatme?ii. — If  the  affected  part  be  touched  with  a 
one-percent  solution  of  formalin  it  will  kill  the  para- 
sites and  stop  the  itching;  or,  the  parts  may  be 
touched  with  a  two-percent  solution  of  aqua  ammo- 
nia. 

SARCOPTIDAE. 

The  three  principal  genera  of  the  sub-family  Sar- 
coptidae  are  : 

Sarcoptes  (Sarco — flesh;   kopto — to  cut). 

Psoroptes  (Psora— itch). 

Symbiotes  (Sym — togather;  bios — life). 

The  Sarcoptes  live  on  the  body  where  the  hair  is 
short, — in  horses  and  dogs  on  the  body  ;  in  sheep,  on 
the  facial  regions. 

The  Psoroptes  live  on  the  body  where  the  hair  is 
long, — in  horses  and  cattle  in  the  mane  and  down  the 
back  ;  in  sheep,  on  the  body. 

The  Symbiotes  live  on  the  extremities, — legs. 

GENERAL   DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  FAMILY. 

Minute  in  size;  the  body  is  oval  and  obtuse  at  both 
ends,  convex  above  and  flat  below ;  the  mouth  parts 
are  provided  with  a  single  lancet-shaped  piece,  sur- 
rounded by  palpi ;  the  legs  are  divided  into  five  arti- 
cles each,  the  free  extremity  of  the  last  segment 
is  provided  with  an  ambulacrum  or  one  or  two  hairs. 

The  genus  Sarcoptes,  species  Scabei,  is  provided 
with  a  head  as  broad  as  it  is  long ;  the  rostrum  is 
short,  and  is  margined  by  two  cheeks. 

Male,— The  first,  second  and  fourth  pair  of  legs 


50 


PARASITOLOGY. 


are  provided  with  ambulacrum  and  the  third  pair  with 
one  bristle  at  each  terminal  extremity. 

Female. — The  first  two  pair  are  provided  with  am- 
bulacrum and  the  last  two  pair  with  one  bristle  at 
each  terminal  extremity. 

The  genus  Psoroptes,  species  Communis,  is  pro- 
vided with  a  head  that  is  longer  than  broad ;  the 
rostrum  is  conical  in  shape  and  elongated,  and  not 
margined  by  cheeks. 

Male. — The  first  three  pair  of  legs  are  provided 
with  ambulacrum,  the  fourth  pair  with  two  bristles. 

Female. — The  first  two  and  fourth  pair  of  legs  are 
provided  with  ambulacrum.  The  third  pair  with  two 
long  bristles. 

The  genus  Symbiotes,  species  Communis  and 
Auricularum, — rostrum  as  wide  as  long,  and  desti- 
tute of  cheeks. 

Male. — All  legs  are  provided  with  ambulacrum. 

Female. — The  first,  second  and  fourth  pair  are 
provided  with  ambulacrum  and  the  third  pair  with 
two  bristles. 

LIFE  HISTORY  OF  THE  FAMILY  SARCOPTIDAE. 

The  life  history  is  divided  into  five  stages,  viz.: 
The  oval,  larval,  pupal,  adult  and  ovigerous  female. 

First  Stage. — Ova. — Under  favorable  conditions  the 
eggs  hatch  in  five  to  ten  days. 

Second  Stage. — Larval  Stage. — Six-legged  and  asex- 
ual ;  it  passes  through  two  or  three  moults. 

Third  Stage.  Nympha. — The  last  moulting  in  the 
larval  stage  adds  a  fourth  pair  of.  legs  ;  no  sexual 
organs  ;  the  males  and  females  are  distinguished  by 
the  difference  in  size,  the  females  being  larger. 


PARASITOLOGY.  51 

Fourth  Stage — Mature  Male  and  Female. — The  last 
moulting  in  the  nympha  stage  develops  the  distinct 
sexes. 

Fifth  Stage. —  The  Ovigerous  Female. — The  impreg- 
nated female  moults,  which  causes  changes  in  the 
genital  apparatus. 

It  is  estimated  that  each  ovigerous  female  Sarcopt 
lays  fifteen  eggs,  of  which  ten  may  be  females  and 
five  males.  Under  favorable  conditions  it  will  pass 
its  life  cycle  in  fifteen  days.  At  this  rate,  one  ovig- 
erous female  would  cause  the  production  of  1,500,000 
scab  parasites  in  90  days. 

THE  SCAB  PARASITES. 

Sarcoptes  Scabei  ,  variety  Equi  (Equus — horse.) 

Synonym. — Itch  mite;  mange  mite. 

History. — In  the  United  States  it  is  found  among 
horses  in  the  Northwest,  especially  upon  the  range. 

Animals  hifested. — This  is  the  common  scab  para- 
site of  the  horse. 

Life  Cycle. — The  following  may  be  added  to  what 
has  been  given  as  to  the  stages  acari  pass  through: 
The  ovigerous  female  burrows  into  the  skin,  form- 
ing galleries.  In  these  galleries  may  be  found  fe- 
males, ova  and  larvae.  As  soon  as  the  eggs  are 
hatched  the  larvae  leave  the  gallery.  In  the  serum 
under  the  scab  may  be  found  the  larvae,  nymphae, 
adult  males  and  females. 

Condition  Produced. — The  parasite  is  equipped  with 
a  piercing  stylet  with  which  it  pierces  the  skin,  the 
puncture  causing  a  minute  red  spot,  followed  by  a 
small  vesicle,  which  ruptures.  The  serum  dries  and 
forms  a  minute   scab.     In  this  way  the  myriads  of 


52 


PARASITOLOGY. 


parasites  cause  a  piling  up  of  scabs,  thus  producing 
a  scabby  condition.  As  the  disease  progresses  the 
scabby  patches  enlarge  and  the  scabs  pile  up,  until 
they  are  often  half  an  inch  in  thickness,  unless  the 
parts  have  been  rubbed. 

Symptoms. — Pruritus  ;  will  rub  against  any  post, 
fence,  stall  or  other  object.  Itching  is  more  intense 
at  night  than  during  the  day,  and  worse  in  warm 
weather  than  in  cold;  when  clothed  than  when  not 
clothed.  The  parasite  first  makes  its  attack  in  the 
region  of  the  withers  and  back,  and  gradually  spreads 
over  the  body.  Hairless  scabby  patches  appear  in 
later  stages. 

Mode  of  hifestation. — The  horse  may  come  in  contact 
with  infested  animals,  or  be  placed  in  quarters  in 
which  infested  animals  have  recently  been  kept ;  or, 
contact  with  curry-comb,  rub-rag,  brush,  harness, 
blanket  or  saddle  recently  used  on  infested  animals. 

Sarcoptes  Scabei  ;  variety  canis  (Canis — dog). 

Synonyin. — Mange  mite  ;  itch  mite. 

History. — This  species  is  widely  distributed. 

Animal  hifested. — The  dog. 

Co7iditio7i  Produced;  Symptoms. — It  begins  first  on 
the  facial  region  and  ears  ;  then  on  the  breast,  feet 
and  abdomen,  and  last  on  the  body.  It  is  not  un- 
common to  find  cases  with  the  entire  cuticular  sur- 
face affected.  The  scabs  are  not  allowed  to  pile  up 
as  we  see  on  the  backs  and  withers  of  cattle  and 
other  large  animals,  for  because  of  the  intense  itch- 
ing the  animal  constantly  rubs  and  scratches  itself 
so  that  we  find  only  thin  scabs.  The  skin  becomes 
partially  denuded  of  hair,  and  in  later  stages  the  an- 


Plate  Ilia. 


Fig.  2 — Symbiotes    Communis,     variety     Cnprae, 

(Ovigerous   female). 

a,  Ambulacrum.  d.  Vulva. 

b,  3d  pair  of  legs  with  2  bris-        f,   Segments   of   legs, 
iles  b-e,   Bristles   of   hairs. 

c,  Head  parts. 


Plate  Illb. 


Fig.    3 — Sarcoptes    Scabei, 
riety   Cauis. 

(Male.     Ventral    view). 

a,  Ambulacrum. 

b,  Head   parts. 

c,  Bristles. 

d,  Segments    of   legs. 


Fig.    4 — Sareoptes    Seabei,    vm 
riety    Canis. 

(Ventral  view  of  ovigerous 
female). 

a,  Rostrum. 

b,  Ambulacrum, 

c,  Bristle. 
fll,  Uterus. 


PARASITOLOGY.  53 

imal  becomes  thin,  even  emaciated,  and  is  a  dejected 
looking  creature.  If  a  scraping  be  made  from  a 
fresh  scab  by  aid  of  the  knife  (care  being  taken  to 
secure  the  serum  from  between  the  scab  and  the 
skin)  and  this  scraping  be  examined  under  the  micro- 
scope, the  parasites  may  be  observed.  If  this  scrap- 
ing be  placed  in  a  bottle  and  the  bottle  placed  in  the 
sun  or  other  warm  place,  the  parasites  will  leave  the 
scab  and  will  be  seen  as  minute  white  specks  upon 
the  walls  of  the  bottle. 

Sarcoptes  Scabei  ;  variety  Suis  (Suis — hog). 

Synonym. — Itch-mite. 

History. — Not  common  in  the  United  States. 

Animal  Infested. — It  is  the  only  species  of  the  sub- 
family Sarcoptidae  that  infests  the  hog. 

Condition  Produced ;  Symptoms. — The  scab  para- 
sites may  begin  their  propagation  primarily  at  any 
point  on  the  body,  though  usually  they  begin  near 
the  ears,  around  the  eyes,  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
thighs,  or  between  the  forelegs.  The  parasites  cause 
intense  itching,  the  animal  rubs  and  scratches,  scabs 
appear,  the  skin  becomes  thickened,  and  the  hair 
stands  erect;  in  later  stages  the  hair  falls  out.  This 
parasite  has  been  transmitted  to  man  and  dog,  where 
it  produced  temporary  parasitism,  causing  intense 
Itching  for  a  few  days. 

Sarcoptes  ScABEi ;  variety  ovis  (Ovis — sheep). 
Syjionym. — Face-scab  parasite  of  sheep. 
History. — Rare  in  America. 

Condition  Produced. — A  scabby  condition  of  the 
head,  resembling  other  forms  of  scabies. 


54  PARASITOLOGY. 

Sarcoptes  Scabei  ,  variety  Caprae  (Capra — g©at) . 

History. — The  sarcoptic  form  of  scabies  in  goats 
has  been  reported  at  different  times ;  rare  in  this 
country. 

Aftimal  Infested. — The  goat. 

Conditio7i  Produced :  Syjitptoms. — It  usually  attacks 
the  head  and  neck  first,  then  spreads  to  the  body, 
and  finally,  if  not  treated,  the  whole  body  and  limbs 
will  be  affected,  as  in  the  dog.  It  causes  intense 
itching,  scabs  pile  up,  and  the  hair  falls  out,  reveal- 
ing the  scabby  patches. 

Sarcoptes  Mutans  ;  variety  Gallinae(Gallus — a  cock). 

History. — Widely  distributed. 

Ajiimals  hifested. — Fowls,  on  the  legs. 

Description. — The  acarus  is  much  smaller  than  the 
species  producing  scabies  in  the  large  animals.  It 
is  round  in  shape  and  its  legs  are  short,  giving  it  a 
stubby  appearance.    See  Fig.  16. 

Condition  Produced. — The  condition  produced  by 
these  parasites  is  called  scaly  leg.  They  live  under 
the  scales,  especially  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  tarsi. 
The  irritation  produced  by  its  punctures  results  in  a 
scabby  or  scaly  condition  of  the  legs  by  much  the 
same  process  as  in  scabies  of  the  large  animals.  The 
minute  scabs  accumulate  under  the  scales,  displacing 
them  and  producing  a  lumpy,  scaly  condition,  the 
crust  becoming  porous  and  honey  combed.  The  par- 
asites can  be  found  in  the  serum  between  the  scab 
and  the  leg,  appearing  as  minute  white  specks. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


55 


Treatment. — After  removal  of  all  scabs  possible, 
with  a  nail  brush  and  hot  water  scrub  thoroughly  with 
kerosene  or  a  kerosene  emulsion  made  as  follows: 


Fig.  17. 

Fig.  17. — Photograph  of  scaly  legs  (sca'bies),  natural 
size.  This  is  due  to  the  scab  parasites,  illustrated  in  Fig. 
16.  a,  shows  large  scaibfoy  masses  piled  up;  b,  the  scales 
of  the  legs  which  have  been  forced  out  of  place  by  the 
gradually  forming  material,  due  to  dried  serumi  and  accu- 
mulating dirt  as  a  result  of  t'he  irritation  caused  by  the 
scab  parasite. — From  Kaupp's  Diseases  of  Poultry. 

Kerosene,  ■'jA  gallon  ;  common  soap  2  ounces  ;  water 
j4  gallon.   Dissolve  the  soap  in  boiling  water ;  add  this 


56  PARASITOLOGY. 

solution  boiling  hot  to  the  kerosene,  and  stir  with  an 
egg  beater.  When  ready  to  use,  take  one  part  of  the 
emulsion  and  add  to  it  nine  parts  of  water. 

The  lime  and  sulphur  dip  used  warm  and  scrubbed 
thoroughly  under  the  scales  is  very  effective.  The 
lime  and  sulphur  dip  is  made  as  follows : 

Unslaked  lime,  V3  pound ;  sulphur,  1  pound ;  water, 
4  gallons.  This  mixture  should  be  boiled  for  two 
hours.    The  lime  acts  as  a  solvent  for  the  sulphur. 

Other  antiseptics  which  are  parasiticides  may  be 
used.  Isolate  diseased  birds  and  avoid  reinfestation 
by  the  introduction  of  new  birds  to  the  flock. 

PSOROPTES  Communis  ;  variety  Equi  (Equus — horse). 

Synonyms- — Long-nosed  Psoropt;  Psoroptes  Long- 
irostris. 

Description. — About  the  same  size  as  the  Sarcoptes. 
Its  rostrum  is  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

Vitality. — It  will  live  for  thirty  days  off  of  the 
host,  if  in  a  moist  atmosphere,  and  temperature  not 
too  low. 

Animal  Infested. — The  cuticular  surface  of  the 
horse. 

Conditioii  Produced. — It  produces  scabies  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  Sarcoptes,  the  parasites  living 
in  colonies  under  the  scab.  The  scab  parasites  usu- 
ally implant  themselves  on  the  animals  where  the 
hair  is  long,  as  the  mane,  back  and  rump.  Its  spread 
is  slow,  though  it  may  later  spread  over  the  body. 
The  maxillary  space,  and  where  the  hair  is  thinnest, 
as  the  groin,  and  the  axillary  region,  are  favorite 
locations  in  later  stages.  The  biting  and  rubbing, 
a  result  of  the  intense  irritation  produced  by  the  par- 


PARASITOLOGY. 


57 


Fig.   18— Male  Fsoroptes  Communis,  variety  Ovis,      Photomicrograph 
lx%  inch, 
a,  Head  parts.  b,  Legs. 

c,  Body.     (Thorax  and  abdomen  are  not  distinctly  marked  macroscop- 
ically.) 

asites,  cause  the  hair  to  become  matted  and  present 
a  stairy  appearance.  Later  the  hair  falls  out  and 
reveals  scabby  hairless  patches.  The  mode  of  spread 
of  the  contagion,  and  the  treatment,  are  the  same  as 
in  scabies  produced  by  other  parasites.  If  the  dis- 
ease is  not  treated  the  animal  becomes  thin  in  flesh, 
anemic,  and  finally  dies. 


PsoROPTES  Communis,  variety  Bovis  (Bovis — ox). 

History. — Widely  distributed  in  the  United  States; 
found  in  the  middle  West  and  South. 

Animal  Inksted. — This  is  the  common  scab  para- 
site of  the  ox. 

Condition  Produced. — The  back,  loins  and  croup 
are  the  first  parts  to  become  infested.  On  account 
of  the  difficulty  in  scratching  these  parts  the  scabs 
pile  up,  often  an  inch  in  thickness.  The  animal  rubs 
and  licks  himself  as  a  result  of  the  pruritus,  gradu- 


5b 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.   19— PsoROPTES  Communis,  variety  Bovis.    Photomicrograph. 
1  and  2,  Females.  a,  Head  parts, 

b,  Legs.  c,  body. 

ally  becoming  thin  in  flesh,  and  later  emaciated. 

PsoROPTES  Communis,  variety  Ovis  (Ovis — sheep). 

History. — Widely  distributed.  Found  in  western 
and  southwestern  parts  of  the  United  States  ;  also  in 
France,  Germany,  Asia,  Australia  and  Mexico. 

Animal  Infested. — This  is  the  common  scab  para- 
site of  the  sheep. 

Condition  Produced;  Symptoms. — In  watching  a 
bunch  of  sheep  that  have  recently  become  infested, 
it  will  be  noted  that  they  are  restless  ;  that  they  will 
bite  themselves ;  that  bunches  of  wool  will  become 
loosened  ;  possibly  some  saliva  will  be  noted  at  this 
point.  If  the  skin  be  examined  with  the  aid  of  a 
hand  lens,  or  if  a  scraping  be  made  with  a  knife 
(care  must  be  taken  to  get  close  to  the  skin),  the 
parasite  will  be  found.  Or,  if  the  scraping  be  placed 
in  a  clear  glass  bottle  and  the  bottle  set  in  the  sun- 


PARASITOLOGY. 


59 


I,! 

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O    ..    cc 


y     o     ^-  >- 

(^^   t^  P  r   a, 
o  -    o    «    u. 


41     C    J3 

ffi  <  H 


Z        "-I 

S   S   a        « 

o   -I     e 

CO    2P        o 

§11  "Is 

i  K  <  H 


«  xa'   o 


shine  or  a  warm  place,  the  parasites  will  soon  be 
found  crawling  over  the  walls  of  the  bottle.  In  the 
later  stages  the  scabs  will  appear  on  the  back  and 
rump.  The  scabs  continue  to  pile  up  and  the  wool 
falls  out,  revealing  large  scabby  woolless  patches. 
The  animal  becomes  emaciated,  and  finally  dies. 
This  parasite  causes  great  loss  in  the  wool  crop. 
Mode  of  Infestation, — By  being  placed   in   quarters 


60 


PARASITOLOGY. 


where  infested  sheep  have  recently  been  kept;  by 
being  shipped  in  cars  not  disinfected  after  using  for 
transportation  of  infested  sheep;  through  shipping 
centers,  unless  such  centers  are  controlled  by  proper 
quarantine  regulations  ;  by  the  introduction  of  an 
infested  sheep  into  a  bunch  not  infested;  or,  by  being 
driven  over  a  trail  recently  followed  by  scabby 
sheep. 

PsoROPTES  Communis,  variety  Caprae  (Capra — a  goat). 

Produces  scabies  in  goats  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  Psoropt  in  sheep. 

Symbiotes  Communis,  variety  Equi  (Equus — horse). 

Syno7iym. — Foot-scab  parasite. 

History. — Symbiotic  scabies  is  not  common.  It 
has  been  found  in  some  parts  of  the  old  world,  and 
is  more  prevalent  among  coarse  horses  and  those 
that  are  poorly  cared  for. 

Description. — This  mite  is  a  trifle  smaller  than  the 
species  of  the  two  previous  genera.  The  rostrum  is 
nearly  as  wide  as  long. 

Ani^nal  hifested. — The  horse. 

Condition  Produced. — It  produces  scabies  of  the 
legs,  usually  in  the  region  of  the  fetlock  and  pastern 
of  the  posterior  extremity.  In  later  stages  the 
scabby  condition  extends  up  the  leg,  possibly  as  high 
as  the  body.  The  skin  becomes  thickened  and  rigid 
and  the  legs  swollen.  Cracks  may  be  formed  in  the 
pastern  region  from  which  may  be  found  a  secre- 
tion of  a  fetid  nature.  The  parasites  live  in  colonies 
under  the  scab. 

Treattnejit. — Thoroughly  scrub  the    affected  parts 


PARASITOLOGY.  61 

with  soap  and  warm  water.  After  thoroughly  soak- 
ing the  parts  with  water  and  soap  the  scabs  may  be 
easily  removed.  Then  apply  any  of  the  dip  prepa- 
rations. 

Symbiotes  Communis,  variety  Bovis. 

History. — Not  common. 

Animals  Infested. — Cattle. 

Condition  Produced.  —  Symbiotic  scabies  in  the  ox 
begins  around  the  base  of  the  tail  and  rump.  It  is 
slow  to  spread  from  this  locality  and  has  been  known 
to  affect  the  animal  for  years,  with  a  slow  tendency 
to  spread  toward  the  body.  It  is  said  that  it  does 
not  cause  such  intense  pruritus  as  the  sarcoptic 
form. 

Symbiotes  Communis,  variety  Ovis. 

Synojiym. — Foot-scab  parasite. 

Aiiimals  Infested. — Sheep. 

Condition  Produced. — It  produces  scabies  of  the 
feet  and  legs.  It  is  slow  to  spread,  showing  a  ten- 
dency to  recovery  in  summer,  but  spreading  more 
from  sheep  to  sheep  in  winter.  Like  other  scabies 
it  produces  itching  and  the  animal  stamps  and  rubs 
the  affected  parts.  Symbiotic  scabies  most  often 
attacks  the  hind  legs,  but  may  spread  to  the  fore 

limbs. 

Symbiotes  Communis,  variety  Caprae. 

Animal  hifested. — The  goat. 

Condition  Produced. — Attacks  by  preference  the 
neck  and  back.  Yellowish,  thick,  hard  crusts  form. 
The  skin  underneath  the  scab  becomes  thickened 
and  cracks  are  often  observed.  Tumefaction  of  the 
lymph  glands  that  receive  the  lymph  from  these  parts 
has  been  noted.  The  hair  becomes  matted  and  falls 
out,  exposing  the  scabby  area. 


62  PARASITOLOGY. 

Symbiotes  Auricularum,  variety  Canis  (Auris— ear) 

(Canis — dog). 
Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Names  of  Disease. — Otacariasis,  auricular  scabies, 
parasitic  otitis,  epileptiform  disease  of  dogs. 

Condition  Produced;  Symptoms. — The  parasites 
produce  an  inflammation  of  the  external  ear,  and  in 
some  cases  ulcers  are  observed.  In  the  scrapings 
fiom  these  ulcers  the  Acari  can  be  found.  Evidence 
of  itching  is  manifested;  the  dog  shakes  his  head 
from  side  to  side  and  scratches  bis  ears  with  his 
paw.  The  hunting  dog,  after  vigorous  exercise, 
shows  symptoms  like  those  of  epilepsy.  Later  the 
dog  is  attacked  more  frequently  with  these  fits,  and 
becomes  sullen,  with  a  tendency  to  be  cross. 

Treatment. — Disinfect  kennels  with  five-percent 
kreso,  or  sediment  from  the  lime  and  sulphur  dip, 
etc. 

Thoroughly  cleanse  the  ear  and  apply  the  follow- 
ing: 

it     Olive   oil ^ 5vii 

Naphthol Sv 

Ether 3xv 

M.  Sig. — Inject  a  small  quantity  of  this  mixture 
into  external  auditory  canal  once  a  day. 

A  saturated  solution  of  alcohol  with  boracic  acid 
can  be  used. 

Cytodites  Nudus  (Cyto — cell;  Nudus — nude). 

Synonym). — A,ir-sac  mite. 

History. — Found  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Iowa  and 
New  York. 

Description. — Scarcely  visible  macroscopically. 
The  body  is  rounded  in  shape  and  whitish  in  color. 
The  rostrum  is  conical.     The  legs  are  strong,  con- 


PARASITOLOGY.  63 

ical  in  shape  and  composed  of  five  articles  each. 
The  free  extremity  of  the  last  segment  of  each  leg 
is  provided  with  an  ambulacrum.  (An  ambulacrum 
is  a  cup-shaped  sucker  attached  to  the  extremity  of 
the  leg  by  a  pedicle.)  The  adult  is  provided  with 
four  pair  of  legs  ;  the  two  anterior  pair  are  located 
on  the  anterior  third,  and  point  forward ;  the  two 
posterior  pair  are  located  on  the  posterior  half,  and 
point  backward. 

Animals  Infested. — They  infest  the  air-sacs  of  fowls 
and  pheasants.  They  are  white  in  color  and  can 
be  seen  macroscopically  as  small  bodies,  very  mi- 
nute in  size.  They  even  reach  the  air  cells  of  the 
bones. 

Condition  Produced. — Their  irritation  causes  inflam- 
mation and  results  in  death  of  the  host. 

TREATMENT  OF  SCABIES. 

Large  bunches  of  cattle  and  sheep  which  become 
infested  with  scab  parasites  must  of  necessity  be 
dipped.  For  this  purpose  the  dip  which  has  proved 
the  most  successful  is  the  lime  and  sulphur  dip. 
The  lime  acts  as  a  solvent  for  the  sulphur.  The 
sulphur  is  a  parasiticide.  This  dip  is  made  in  the 
following  proportion  : 

Unslaked  lime 8  pounds. 

Sulphur 24  pounds. 

Water 100  gallons. 

Boil  for  two  hours.  Use  at  a  temperature  of  100 
degrees  to  110  degrees  Fahr.  Keep  the  animal  in  the 
dip  two  or  three  minutes  by  the  watch.  Clean  the 
sheds  or  barns  and  yards.  Disinfect  the  fences, 
stalls,  racks,  and  feed  troughs  with  the  sediment  of 


64  PARASITOLOGY. 

the  dip.     Another  dip  is  the  arsenical  dip,  made  as 
follows : 

Arsenious  acid  (white  arsenic)  __  10  pounds. 

Sulphur 1  ounce. 

Soda  ash 10  pounds. 

Soft  soap 2  pounds. 

Boiling  water 2  gallons. 

After  cooling  add  enough  water  to  make  twenty- 
five  gallons.  It  is  estimated  that  this  quantity  of 
dip  is  sufficient  for  twenty-five  sheep. 

The  tobacco-sulphur  dip  is  made  as  follows  : 

Tobacco  leaves 1  pound. 

Sulphur 1  pound. 

Water G  gallons. 

Place  the  tobacco  in  a  vessel  of  warm  water,  cover 
and  let  steep  for  twenty-four  hours.  Bring  to  a  boil, 
let  cool  and  strain.  Press  all  the  juice  out  of  the 
leaves.  Mix  enough  water  to  the  sulphur  to  make  a 
paste,  then  mix  with  the  tobacco  infusion,  thoroughly 
stir  and  heat  to  a  temperature  of  110  and  sponge  or 
dip  the  animal. 

Coal  tar  products  are  used  to  some  extent.  Some 
are  reliable  and  some  are  not.  The  kreso  dip  put 
up  by  P.  D.  Co.  is  said  to  contain  some  dissolved 
sulphur,  therefore  has  a  double  combined  parasiticide 
effect.  Scaby  sheep  should  be  clipped.  After  one 
week  dip.  At  the  end  of  ten  days  dip  the  second 
time  and  remove  to  non-infested  quarters.  In  case 
of  scabies  in  horses  clip  the  animal.  Thoroughly 
scrub  with  a  dip.  Repeat  in  ten  days.  For  dipping 
devices  for  cattle  there  are  used  the  plunge  dip,  the 
cage  dip  and  the  spray  dip. 


PARASITOLOGY.  65 

Sulphur  is  not  essential  when  nicotine  is  used.    The 
nicotine  must  be  at  least  .07%. 


^EMODECIDAE. 


The  sub-family  Demodecidae  includes  a  group  of 
parasites  that  live  in  the  hair  and  sebaceous  follicles 
of  the  skin  and  produce  cuticular  pustules.  They  are 
placed  under  one  genus, — Demodex  (worm-like)  and 
one  species,— Folliculorum  (follicle). 

Gejieral  Descriptio7i. — Under  a  low-power  micro- 
scope the  parasite  has  a  general  outline  similar  in 
shape  to  an  oat  grain.  The  head  part  is  broad  and 
is  provided  with  a  stylet  or  lancet-piece  arranged  at 
the  anterior  extremity.  The  thorax  is  not  distinctly 
separated  from  the  abdomen.  The  larva  is  provided 
with  three  pair  of  legs,  the  adult  with  four.  Each 
leg  is  made  up  of  three  short  segments,  the  last 
one  being  very  short  and  provided  with  two  booklets 
or  claws. 

Life  History .—T\ie  life  history  is  similar  to  that  of 
the  sub-family  Sarcoptidae.  The  ova  are  laid  in  the 
pustule.  The  newly  hatched  larvae  are  asexual  and 
are  provided  with  three  pair  of  legs  which  are  mere 
tubercles.     After  moulting  the  larvae  are  observed 


66 


PARASITOLOGY. 


to  have  four  pair  of  legs.  Another  moulting  brings 
the  larvae  to  the  pupal  stage,  with  legs  fully  devel- 
oped, and  after  still  another  moult  they  are  sexually 
mature. 


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Of  the  varieties  of  Demodex  Folliculorum  enumer- 
ated only  two  are  common  in  the  United  States. 

Demodex  Folliculorum,  variety  Canis. 
History.  —  Fir.^t  studied  in  Europe.     It  is  common 
in  many  localities  of  the  United  States. 


PARASITOLOGY.  57 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Parts  Infested ;  Symptoms. — The  parasite  burrows 
into  the  hair  or  sebaceous  follicles,  occluding  the 
ducts  and  producing  pustules.  These  pustules  are 
prominent,  and  give  the  skin  a  rough  appearance. 
The  animal  is  usually  first  attacked  by  the  parasite 
in  the  region  of  the  breast,  legs,  axillary  and  facial 
regions.  The  skin  becomes  red,  and  hence  it  is 
called  red  mange.  Considerable  irritation  accompa- 
nies the  malady.  The  dog  scratches  and  bites  the 
parts,  the -hair  falls  out  and  the  skin  becomes  thick- 
ened. In  later  stages  the  entire  cuticular  surface 
becomes  affected. 

Treatment. — Successful  treatment  of  this  malady  is 
difficult  because  of  the  difficulty  of  getting  the  solu- 
tion to  the  interior  of  the  pustules.  A  mixture  of 
gasoline,  oil  of  tar  and  oil  of  cade  has  been  used  with 
more  or  less  good  results.     Also 

Oleo-resin   aspidii 8  parts 

Creolin 42  parts 

Alcohol 50  parts 

Demodex  Folliculorum,  variety  Suis. 

History. — Frequently  found  in  America  and  in 
Europe, 

A7iimal  hifested. — The  pig. 

Condition  Produced. — The  parasites  attack  the  cu- 
ticular surface  in  the  axillary  region  and  flanks ; 
then  the  disease  spreads  over  the  entire  surface  of 
the  body  and  legs.  The  skin  becomes  thickened  and 
rough.  The  pustules  push  up,  giving  the  skin  a 
papillated  appearance. 

Mode  of  Infestation. — The  animal  may  be  infested 


68  PARASITOLOGY. 

through  coming  in  contact  with  infested  animals,  by 
being  placed  in  quarters  in  which  infested  animals 


f 


Fig.  24— Two  pups  affected  with  Demodecic  Scabies  or  Red  Mange. 

(Photograph). 

have  been  kept,  or  shipped  in  cars  or  other  vehicles 
in  which  infested  animals  have  been  transported. 


PARASITOLOGY.  69 

THE  TICKS. 

ARGASIDAE. 

The  family  Argasidae  includes  the  ticks.  They  are 
provided  with  flat,  oval  bodies.  The  piercing  man- 
dibles and  hypostome  are  located  beneath  an  over- 
reaching cephalo-thorax,  or  anterior  part  of  the  dorsal 


Fig.  25— Argas  Miniatus,  Larva. 

a,  Mandibles  and  Palpi.  b,  Legs. 

c,  Body, 

surface.     The  dorsal  shield  is  absent.     The  life  his- 
tory is  similar  to  that  of  the  common  ticks. 

Argas   Miniatus. 

Synonyms. — Argas  Americanus;  Chicken  tick. 

History. — Found  in  Mexico  and  the  Southern  part 
of  the  United  States. 

Desc7'iption. — The  parasite  is  flat  like  a  bedbug, 
and  ovoid  in  shape.  It  is  provided  with  an  over- 
reaching dorsal  surface,  the  top  of  which  is  pitted. 
The  head  parts  consist  of  two  mandibles  provided 
with  teeth  at  the  terminal  end.     Beneath  these  is  a 


70 


PARASITOLOGY. 


spatula-shaped  hypostotne  divided  into  two  symmet- 
rical halves,  and  on  each  half  there  are  arranged  three 


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rows  of  irregular  shaped  denticles, 
are  surrounded  by  palpi. 


&4 


The  mandibles 


PARASITOLOGY.  71 

Animals  Infested. — The  tick  is  found  in  the  hens' 
nests  and  in  the  litter.  They  attack  the  birds  mostly 
at  night.  They  drive  the  hens  from  their  nests  and 
cause  death  of  the  host.  They  may  be  found  on  larger 
animals.  It  transmits  the  spirochetae  gallinarum  pro- 
ducing spirochetosis  of  fowls  in  Africa  and  Europe. 
Ornithodoros  Megnini  CMegnin). 

Sy7io7iyiHs. — Spinose  tick;  ear  tick;  spider  tick; 
Rhyncoprium  Spinosum. 

History. — Found  in  the  South  and  middle  West. 

Description. — The  fem.ale,  when  eng^orged  with 
blood,  is  about  the  size  of  a  castor  bean.  The  body 
is  oval  in  shape,  with  the  transverse  diameter  of  the 
anterior  third  greater  than  that  of  the  posterior  third. 
Its  cuticular  surface  is  covered  with  spines,  from 
which  it  gets  its  name, — "spinose  tick."  The  head 
parts  are  prominent;  the  hypostome  not  provided 
with  denticles  in  the  larval  stage.  The  palpi  are 
round  in  shape,  and  long.  Its  color  varies  from 
brown  to  violet.  A  specimen,  two-thirds  engorged 
with  blood,  taken  from  a  steer,  moulted  once,  and 
lived  from  Feb.  10.  1906,  to  July  8,  1907. 

Ayiimals  Infested. — It  infests  the  ears  of  horses, 
cattle  and  other  animals. 

Condition  Produced. — They  attach  themselves  to 
the  skin  lining  the  conchi,  and  also  invade  the  audi- 
tory meatus.  This  causes  miuch  irritation;  the  animal 
shakes  his  head  and  shows  other  signs  of  nervous 
disorder.     It  is  reported  to  have  caused  death. 

Treatment. — Oil,  or  any  antiseptic  solution  of  suffi- 
cient strength  to  be  a  parasiticide.  Oil  coats  over, 
closing  the  breathing  tubes,  and  asphyxiates  the 
tick. 


72  PARASITOLOGY. 

IXODIDAE. 

This  family  includes  a  group  of  ticks,  the  head 
parts  of  which  are  slightly  longer  than  broad.  The 
palpi  are  short.  The  head  is  provided  with  mandi- 
bles and  hypostome  as  in  the  preceding  family. 

Rhipicephalus  Sanguineus  (Sanguis — blood.) 

Distribution. — Has  been  reported  in  Southern 
states. 

Descriptio7i. — Resembles  the  Boophilus  Annulatus 
in  size  and  shape,  though  the  head  is  more  prominent 
and  the  palpi  are  short  and  broad,  but  longer  than 
the  hypostome.  The  base  of  the  capitulum  (or  head 
parts)  is  broader  than  long,  forming  a  projecting  an- 
gle at  each  side.  In  the  male  the  dorsal  shield  is 
red  and  covers  nearly  all  of  the  dorsal  surface. 

Animals  Infested. — Cattle  and  other  animals.  This 
tick  transmits  the  piroplasma  canis  in  Europe. 

Ixodes  Ricinus  (Ricinus — castor  oil  plant;  eidos — like.) 

Synonym. — Castor  bean  tick. 

History. — Found  in  America,  Europe  and  Africa. 

Description. — In  shape  it  resembles  the  castor 
bean.  Its  color  is  variegated  like  that  of  the  castor 
bean,  the  dorsal  shield  being  a  deep  chestnut  brown. 
The  mandibles  are  armed  with  teeth  ;  the  hypostome 
is  lanceolate  in  shape,  each  half  being  provided  with 
six  rows  of  denticles.  The  body  of  the  male  is  flat, 
oval  and  of  a  deep  reddish  brown,  the  dorsal  shield 
covering  almost  all  of  the  dorsal  s-urface. 

Animats  hifested. — It  attacks  the  cuticular  surface 
of  the  horse,  ox,  dog,  etc. 


Plate  IVa. 


Fig:.     1— ^Boopliiliis    Aiiiiiilatus. 

(Eng-org-ed    females). 
A — ^^Ven'.ral    view. 
B — Dorsal    view    of    same, 

1,  Anus. 

2,  Lateral    constrictions. 

3,  Rudimentary     dorsal   shield. 

4,  Short    rostrum. 

5,  Longitudinal  dorsal  depres- 

sions. 

6,  Legs. 

7,  Stigmen. 


Figr.     2 — Amblyomma       Ameri- 
eauuiii. 

(Engorged     female). 
A — Dorsal    view. 
B — Ventral     view. 

1,  Anus. 

2,  Well     developed     dorsal 

shield,     showing    white 
spot. 
.3,    Rostrum. 

4,  Longitudinal    depressions 

5,  Stigmen. 

6,  Legs. 


Pig,.   3— Oriiithodoros    3Iegnsiii. 

(Engorged    females). 
A — Dorsal    view. 
B — Ventral    view. 

a,  R'istrtim, 

b,  Legs. 

c,  Body    tapering    posteriorly. 


Plate  IVb. 


Fig.   4 — Argas    3Iiiiiatus. 

(Engorg-ed    females). 
A — Dorsal    view. 
B — Ventral  yiew. 

a,  Rostrum. 

b,  Legs. 

c,  Body. 


Fig.     i> — Booiihilu.s     AunuJacus. 

(Mature,    male). 


Fig.    7 — Ornithoderos    Megnini. 

(Section    of    skin,    showing- 
spines). 


Fig.    5 — Derniaoeutor    Electus. 

(Engorged  femalej. 

a,  Prominent    rostrum. 

b,  Large    white    shield. 

c,  Legs. 


Fig.    S — I^eg    Boophilus    Annu- 
latiis. 

a,  Tarsus. 

b,  Pulvillum. 

c,  Hooklets. 


PARASITOLOGY.  73 

Margarapus  Annulatus  (Annulus — a  ring). 

Synonyms. — Boophilus  Bovis ;  Boophilus  Annula- 
tus; fever  tick;  Texas  fever  tick;  Ixodes  Bovis. 

History. — Found  in  southern  part  of  United  States 
and  in  southern  Europe. 

Animal  Infested. — The  ox. 

Description. — The  engorged  female  is  about  the 
size  of  the  castor  bean,  has  a  constriction  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  lateral  sides,  with  two  longitudinal  depres- 
sions anterior  to,  and  three  posterior  to  this  con- 
striction, on  both  dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces.  The 
legs  are  not  strong,  and  are  located  on  the  ante- 
rior half  of  the  body.  The  head  is  not  prominent ; 
it  is  provided  with  mandibles,  palpi  and  hypostome, 
and  the  latter  is  furnished  with  eight  rows  of  denti- 
cles. The  dorsal  shield  is  small  and  brownish  red 
in  color.  The  surface  of  the  parasite  is  often  marked 
with  delicate  yellowish  white  wavy  lines.  The  ex- 
tremity of  each  leg  is  provided  with  a  pulvillum,  two 
booklets  and  a  globe  shaped  apparatus.  Breathing 
is  by  means  of  a  trachea  located  on  either  side  pos- 
terior to  the  last  pair  of  legs,  and  covered  by  a  per- 
forated scale  called  a  Stigmen.  The  male  does  not 
become  engorged  with  blood,  but  remains  flat.  Its 
dorsal  surface  is  a  brownish  red  color. 

Life  History. — The  engorged  female  drops  to  the 
ground,  seeks  a  secluded  place,  as  under  some  ob- 
ject, and  begins  ovulation  (laying  eggs)  in  from 
three  to  five  days.  This  period  lasts  about  two 
weeks.  During  the  period  of  ovulation  the  female 
scarcely  moves.  The  eggs  are  ovoid  in  shape  and 
brown  in  color,  and  are  covered  with  a  varnish-like 
substance.     The  eggs  are  pushed  out  from  the  ante- 


74  PARASITOLOGY. 

rior  extremity  of  the  body,  forming  a  mass  number- 
ing, usually,  4,000  to  5,000.  These  eggs  hatch  in 
about  three  weeks,  if  the  temperature  is  favorable. 
The  larvae  are  small,  six-legged  asexual  parasites. 
In  this  stage  they  have  lived  in  a  bottle  for  six 
months  without  food.  They  crawl  over  the  ground 
or  upon  the  blades  of  grass  or  weeds,  and  thus  are 
brushed  off  by  animals  passing  along.  Once  on  the 
animal  they  attach  themselves  usually  in  the  region 
of  the  thigh,  between  the  hind  legs.  After  one  week 
they  moult  (passing  through  a  change  in  the  ana- 
tomical structure,  during  which  time  they  shed  the 
skin.)  They  are  now  provided  with  four  pair  of  legs 
and  at  the  end  of  another  week  they  moult  again, 
and  become  sexually  mature.  The  males  seek  the 
females  and  place  themselves  in  apposition,  in  which 
position  the  male  can  be  found  still  alive  after  the 
female  is  fully  engorged.  But  its  life  is  short  after 
being  removed  from  the  host ;  it  dies  within  a  few 
hours.  The  female  draws  blood  slowly  for  the  first 
two  weeks,  then  rapidly  for  the  third  week,  becom- 
ing fully  engorged  in  three  weeks,  drops  off,  and  is 
ready  to  begin  ovulation ;  gradually  shrinks  during 
ovulation  until  she  is  only  about  one  third  of  her 
original  size,  then  dies. 

Condition  Produced. — The  tick  carries  the  proto= 
zoa  (Piroplasma  Bigeminum)  causing  Texas  or 
Splenic  Fever.  The  larva,  as  soon  as  it  gets  onto 
the  host,  attaches  itself  to  the  skin  and  begins  to 
draw  blood.  At  this  time  it  inoculates  the  host  with 
the  protozoa.  The  single  celled  parasites  enter  the 
red  blood  cells,  break  them  up  and  liberate  the  hem- 
oglobin; the  protozoa  have   multiplied  in  sufficient 


Plate  V. 


Fig:.    1 — Stisineii,   Booiiliiliis 
Aiiiiiilatus    Inrvae. 

(From    moult). 


*^^§^?7^ 


Fig.     2 — Roophilus       } 
I^eg-,     side     Aiew, 

a,  Hooklet. 

b,  Side    view    of    disc. 
!?,   Pedicle. 

d,   Tarsus. 


Fig.    3 I^es    of    Ornitliodoros 

Mesuini. 

a,  HookKt. 

b,  Sense    pore. 

c,  Tarsus. 

d,  Protar^us. 

e,  Tibia. 

f,  Femur. 

g,  Trochanter. 

h,  Portion   of    body. 


F'.s".  4 — Stigmeii  from 
Booiiliiliis    Auuulat 


a«lul 
us. 


Pig,  5 — Stigiiieu    from   Derma- 
oentor    Reticulatus. 


Figr.  C — Ventral  view  of  eap!- 
tiiluin,  Boophiliis  AuuuJi.- 
tus. 

ti,      Palpus. 

Hj^postome     armed   with     S 

rows    of    Denticles. 
Mandibles    showing    digits. 
Base    of    capitulum. 
PALPUS. 
Basal  Article. 
Ante-penultimate  article. 
Penultimate  article. 
Apical  article. 


PARASITOLOGY.  75 

numbers  to  produce  the  acute  symptoms  of  tick  fever 
by  the  eleventh  day.  The  liver  becomes  congested, 
the  bile  thickened  and  granular ;  the  spleen  becomes 
greatly  enlarged,  and  the  contents  is  the  consistency 
of  blackberry  jam.  The  urine  is  port  wine  colored, 
and  the  cancellated  portion  of  the  bone  is  black  ;  the 
fat  is  lemon  colored,  due  to  staining  of  the  cells  of 
the  tissue  with  hematin.  During  this  time  the  ani- 
mal shows  loss  of  appetite,  stands  off  by  itself,  back 
arched,  high  elevation  of  temperature,  accelerated 
respiration  and  pulse,  port  wine  colored  urine. 

Ticks  do  not  live  over  winter  in  latitudes  where 
the  temperature  falls  to  zero  or  below. 

Certain  animals  devour  ticks,  and  hence  aid  in  the 
ridding  of  such  pests.  These  animals  known  to  be 
enemies  of  ticks  are :  Kingbirds,  "J^^^daws,"  poultry, 
ants  and  Sowbugs   (armadillidium  vulgare). 

The  arsenical  cattle  dip  is  made  as  follows :  Arsenic 
(A  S03),  8  to  12  pounds;  sol  soda,  24  to  45  pounds; 
water,  500  gallons.     Two  dippings  are  necessary. 

Emulsion  of  crude  petroleum :  Hard  soap,  1  pound ; 
soft  water,  1  gallon;  Beaumont  crude  petroleum,  4 
gallons.  When  ready  to  use  add  3  gallons  water  to  1 
gallon  of  mixture. 

Pasture  rotation  is  also  used  to  rid  cattle  and  pre- 
mises of  ticks. 

BooPHiLus  AuSTRALis  (Australia). 

Synonym. — Australian  fever  tick. 

History. — Found  in  Australia,  South  America, 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico  and  India. 

A?iimals  Infested. — The  ox,  the  deer  and  the  horse. 

Description. — The  female  is  about  the  same  size  as, 
and  has  markings  similar  to,  the  Boophilus  Annula- 


76  PARASITOLOGY. 

tiis.  The  dorsal  shield  is  slightly  smaller,  and  is 
light  in  color  ;  the  palpi  are  short.  In  the  male  the 
dorsal  shield  covers  the  entire  dorsal  surface.  The 
free  extremity  of  the  leg  is  provided  with  two  hook- 
lets  and  a  fan-shaped  organ,  instead  of  the  globule 
shaped  apparatus,  as  in  the  species  Annulatus. 

Condition  Produced. — They  carry  the  protozoa  pro- 
ducing fever  as  Boophilus  Annulatus  does  in  the 
United  States. 

Dermacentor  Electus  (Derma — skin  ;  kentesis — puncture). 

Sy7ionyins, — Dog  tick;  wood  tick;  Dermacentor 
Americanus. 

History, — Very  common  in  the  woods  of  the  United 
States. 

Animals  Infested. — Dog,  horse,  ox,  etc. 
Description. — The  engorged   female  is   about  the 
size  of  the  fever  tick,  though  the  legs  are  longer  and 


Fig.    29.— Amblyomma  Americanum  Larva.     Photomicrograph  1x2/3 

inch. 

a,  Mandibles.  c,  Body. 

b,  Legs.  d,  Palpi. 


PARASITOLOGY.  17 

the  head  parts  more  prominent.  The  dorsal  shield 
is  large,  somewhat  elongated  through  the  antero- 
posterior diameter,  and  is  white  in  color.  The  hy- 
poscome  is  provided  with  six  rows  of  denticles.  The 
dorsal  surface  of  the  male  presents  a  large,  white 
dorsal  shield  and  silvery  markings. 

Dermacentor  Reticulatus. 
History. — Found  particularly  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region. 
Animal  Infested. — The  ox. 

Description. — The  tick  is  about  the  size  of  the  der- 
macentor  electus.     Its   dorsal   shield   is   large   and  a 
rusty  white  in  color.  The  stigmal  plate  differs  in  shape 
from  the  D.  electus  as  shown  in  the  illustration. 
Amblyomma  Americanum  (American), 

Syrionym. — Lone  Star  tick;  Amblyomma  una- 
puncta. 

Distribution. — Southern  United  States  and  South 
America. 

Animal  Infested. — The  ox. 

Description. — About  the  same  size  as  the  preceding 
described  tick.  The  dorsal  shield  is  triangular  ic 
shape  and  reddish  brown  ;  it  is  marked  with  a  white 
spot  in  the  posterior  border.  The  head  parts  are 
more  prominent  than  in  the  Boophilus  Annulatus. 
The  hypostome  is  furnished  with  six  rows  of  denti- 
cles. 

LINGUATULIDA. 

This  order  includes  a  group  of  degraded  Acari, 
the  most  common  of  which  is  the 

LiNGUATULA  Rhinaria  (Lingua — tongue). 
Synonyms. — Pentastoma    Taenoides  ;     Linguatula 


78  PARASITOLOGY. 

Taenoides. 

Distribution. — Common  in  Europe  ;  not  reported 
in  the  United  States. 

Description. — The  body  of  the  adult  is  white,  elon- 
gated and  lanceolate  shaped  toward  the  head.  It 
tapers  posteriorly  and  presents  the  general  appear- 
ance of  a  worm.  The  ventral  surface  is  flattened  ; 
it  is  rounded  dorsally ;  the  body  is  composed  of 
about  ninety  rings ;  the  head  part  is  provided  with 
small  booklets  which  enable  it  to  hold  on  firmly. 
The  males  are  much  smaller  than  the  females. 

Animals  Infested. — Adult  infests  dogs ;  larva  infest 
cattle,  sheep,  etc. 

Life  History. — The  adult  deposits  the  ova  in  the 
nasal  chambers  of  the  dog,  and  they  are  afterward 
expelled  by  the  animal  when  sneezing  ;  thus  the  grass 
of  the  pastures  or  other  food  or  water  become  con- 
taminated with  the  eggs.  These  eggs  are  taken  in 
by  the  intermediate  host,  and  upon  reaching  the 
stomach  hatch  and  liberate  the  embryos.  The  em- 
bryos are  ovoid  in  shape,  fiat  below  and  convex 
above,  and  thus  somewhat  resemble  the  Acari. 
They  are  provided  with  two  pair  of  legs.  The  head 
extremity  is  furnished  with  a  stylet-shaped  boring 
apparatus.  By  means  of  this  boring  apparatus  they 
find  their  way  through  the  stomach  or  intestinal  wall 
and  become  located  in  the  mesenteric  lymph  glands, 
lungs  or  liver,  where  they  develop  into  fully  formed 
larvae.  This  transformation  requires  about  seven 
months. 

Condition  Produced. — The  larvae  thus  encysted  are 
taken  in  by  carnivorous  animals,  through  consump- 
tion of  the  affected  part,  or  the  larvae  ma^  leave  the 


PARASITOLOGY.  79 

cyst  by  migration,  and  if  they  reach  the  bronchi  may 
be  expelled  with  mucus  through  fits  of  coughing,  and 
thus  soil  the  feed  or  water.  In  the  adult  state  the 
parasites  infest  the  nasal  chamber,  and  possibly  the 
pharynx  and  larynx.  They  hold  on  to  the  mucous 
membrane  by  means  of  booklets  and  produce  an 
inflammation  which  is  accompanied  by  a  muco-puru- 
lent  discharge.  The  animal  sneezes,  scratches  and 
rubs  its  nose,  etc. 

FUNGI. 

The  fungi  that  attack  animals  are  vegetable  para- 
sites and  are  similar  to  the  common  moulds  in  their 
general  appearance  and  method  of  reproduction. 
Reproduction  is  by  spores,  which  are  small  round 
bodies,  microscopic  in  size,  resembling  small  seeds. 
The  filaments,  or  hyphae,  consist  of  a  series  of  cells 
arranged  end  to  end.  These  cells  consist  of  a  cell 
wall  and  protoplasm.  The  spores  have  a  greater 
resistance  to  unfavorable  conditions  than  the  mycelia, 
and  when  placed  under  favorable  conditions,  or  **fer- 
tile  ground,"  produce  the  hyphae. 

Trichophyton  Tonsurans  (Trix — hair  ;  phyton,  a  plant.) 

(Tonsurans — to  shear.) 

Disease. — Tinea  tonsurans:  circinate  ringworm; 
ringworm. 

Animals  hifested. — Man,  horse,  ox,  hog,  dog,  cat, 
sheep,  and  bird. 

Syniptonis. — The  affected  spot  is  at  first  red;  it 
gradually  enlarges  and  is  covered  with  a  thin,  gray- 
ish scale,  under  which  is  found  serum.  The  hair  is 
cut  off  at  the  surface  as  a  result  of  the  invasion  of 
the   skin  by  the   fungi.     The  circumference   is  red. 


80  PARASITOLOGY. 

while  the  older  inner  portion  assumes  a  grayish 
color.  The  condition  is  accompanied  by  itching;  the 
animal  rubs  and  scratches  itself.   Common  in  U.  S. 

Parts  Infested. — In  man  it  is  noted  in  the  facial 
region  and  arms  ;  sometimes  contracted  by  handling 
infected  pets.  In  horses  it  infests  principally  the 
body,  but  has  been  observed  on  the  extremities.  In 
cattle  the  facial  region  is  a  favorite  location.  In 
hogs  we  observe  the  body  as  the  most  usual  part 
attacked;  in  dogs  the  body  and  extremities  ;  in  birds 
the  dependent  part  of  the  head,  as  the  comb  and 
wattles. 

Modes  of  Infection. — Animals  may  become  infected 
by  coming  in  contact  with  infected  ones,  by  being 
shipped  in  cars  or  boats  in  which  infected  ones  have 
recently  been  transported,  by  being  placed  in  other 
infected  quarters,  as  barns,  pastures,  etc.,  or  by 
using  blankets,  rub-rags,  etc.,  which  have  recently 
been  used  upon  infected  animals. 

Treatment. — The  most  effectual  remedial  agent  is 
iodine,  which  should  be  brushed  on  the  affected  part 
once  a  day;  or,  four  percent  nitrate  of  silver  maybe 
used. 
AcHORiON  Schoenleinii  (Achor — scurf;  Schoenlein) 

Disease. — Tinea  favosa;  honeycomb  ringworm; 
whitecomb. 

Animals  Infested. — Infests  by  preference  the  smal- 
ler animals,  as  the  dog,  cat,  bird,  rat,  mouse,  etc. 

Symptoms. — The  fungi  implants  itself  in  the  skin 
at  the  opening  of  the  hair  follicle  ;  here  it  forms  a 
cup-shaped  mass  surrounding  the  hair  or  feather. 
Later  the  hair  falls  out,  which  gives  the  skin  a  honey- 
combed  appearance.     There   is    an  odor  given   off 


Plate  VI. 


Fig-.   1 — Aiiiblyoiiima    Amerifa- 
iiiini. 

(Ovipositing). 

Note    Avhite    spot    in    dorsal 
shield. 


% 


Fig.   2 — BcoiihiliiK      Auuulatiis. 

(Ovipositing-). 

Note  skrinking-  of  theboclx- 
posteriorly. 


Fis.  3 — Boophilus      Annulatsis. 

(In   different   stages    of   de- 
velopment on  skin   of  cow). 


Fig.  4— Sarcoptic    scabies,  cat. 


PARASITOLOGY.  81 

which  simulates  the  odor  of  mice  or  cat's  urine. 

Mode  of  hifection. — Cats  and  dogs  usually  become 
infected  from  infected  prey,  as  rats  and  mice.  As  a 
result  the  parts  most  infected  are  the  fore  legs  and 
head. 

Treatment. — Same  as  in  the  preceding  forms,  or 
hyposulphite  of  soda,  one  ounce  to  the  pint  of  water. 

AcHORiON  Keratophagus  (Kerato — horn  ;  phagean — to  eat) 

Disease. — Seedy  toe. 

Animals  Infected. — The  horse  and  mule. 

Parts  Infected. — The  mycelium  develops  along  the 
line  of  the  horny  tubes ;  this  results  in  a  degenera- 
tion of  the  horn  tissue,  and  a  soft,  powder-like  sub- 
stance accumulates  between  the  wall  and  the  sole. 

(Saccharos — sugar) 
Saccharomyces  Albicans  (Myco — mycelium) 

(Alba— white.) 

Synonym. — Oidium  albicans. 

Disease. — Thrush;  mycotic  stomatitis. 

Animals  Infected. — Foals  and  calves. 

Parts  Infected. — Mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth. 

Condition  Prodiiced. — The  infected  mucous  mem- 
brane becomes  red,  inflamed  and  tender  to  the  touch. 
In  the  center  of  the  inflamed  area  are  white  ulcerous 
spots  invaded  by  mycelia  and  spores. 

Treatmejit. — Wash  the  mouth  with  a  solution  of 
boracic  acid,  chlorate  of  potash  or  other  antiseptics. 

(Bovis — ox) 
Actinomyces  Bovis  (Aktis — a  ray) 

(Muke — a  mushroom). 

Synonym. — Ray  fungus. 


82  PARASITOLOGY. 

Disease  Produced. — Actinomycosis  ;  lumpy  jaw  ; 
big  jaw. 

Distribution. — Widely  distributed  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Europe  ;  especially  common  in 
the  middle  West. 

Animals  Infected. — Man,  horse,  ox  and  hog. 

Parts  Affected. — Superior  and  inferior  maxilla  and 
soft  structures  adjacent  to  them,  glands  of  the  head 
and  neck ;  also  lung  tissue ;  rare  in  other  organs. 
In  the  sow  it  has  been  found  involving  the  mammae. 
In  the  ox  it  has  been  found  in  the  liver,  prescapular 
and  superficial  inguinal  lymph  glands. 

Description  of  Fungus. — The  fungi  appear  in  the 
pus  as  yellowish  granular  bodies.  A  microscopic 
study  of  these  bodies  shows  clusters  of  club-shaped 
cells  in  ray  formation ;  the  small  ends  are  directed 
inward,  forming  a  rosette-like  circle. 


CHAPTER  II. 

ENTOZOA. 

The  internal  parasites,  or  entozoa,  are  placed  under 
the  branch  Vermes. 

Vermes  (vermis — a  worm)  is  divided  into  three 
classes,  viz.:  Annelida,  Nemathelmintha,  and  Plat- 
helmintha. 

Annelida  (annulus — a  ring)  includes  the  order 
Discophori.  This  order  includes  the  family  Gnath- 
obdellidae.  This  family  includes  the  genus  Haemo= 
pis,  which  infests  the  pharynx  and  mouth. 

Nemathelmintha  (nema — thread;  helminth — 
worm)  is  divided  into  two  orders,  viz.:  Nematoda 
and  Acanthocephala. 

Nematoda  (thread-like)  is  divided  into  five  fam- 
ilies, viz.:  Filaridae,  Ascaridae,  Oxyuridae,  Strongy- 
lidae  and  Trichotrachelidae. 

Filaridae  (filum — a  thread)  include  the  genera 
Spiroptera,  Simondsia,  and  Filaria.  They  are 
thread-like  worms  infesting  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Ascaridae  (askarizo — to  move  briskly)  include 
the  genus  Ascaris,  which  infests  the  small  intestines. 

Oxyuridae  (oxyo — pointed;  oura — tail)  include 
the  genus  Oxyuris,  which  infests  the  posterior  bowel. 

Strongylidae  (strongylos — cylindrical)  include 
the  genera  Strongylus,  Sclerostoma,  Stephanurus, 
Syngamus,  Oesophagostoma  and  Uncinaria,  which 
infest  the  various  parts  of  the  body. 

Trichotrachelidae  (trix— hair)  include  the  genera 
Trichocephalus  and  Trichina,  which  infest  the  in- 
testinal tract. 

83 


84  PARASITOLOGY. 

Acanthocephala  (acantha— thorn;  cephale— head) 
includes  the  genus  Echynorhynchus,  which  infests 
the  intestinal  tract. 

Plathelmintha  (flat— wide)  includes  the  orders 
Cestoda  and  Trematoda. 

Cestoda  (kesto — girdle)  includes  the  family 
Taenidae  and  genus  Taenia  (tape  worms)  which 
in  the  adult  state  infest  the  intestines. 

The  family  Bothriocephalidae  includes  the  genus 
Bothriocephalus,  which  passes  the  larval  stage  in 
fish. 

Trematoda  (perforated)  includes  the  families 
Fasciolidae,  Paramphistomidae  and  Schistosomi^ 
dae. 

The  family  Fasciolidae  includes  the  genera  Disto= 
ma  and  Paragonimus,  which  live  in  the  liver  and 
lungs. 

The  family  Paramphistomidae  includes  the  genus 
Amphistoma,  which  infests  the  stomach. 

The  family  Schistosomidae  includes  the  genus 
Schistosoma,  which  lives  in  the  blood. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   THE    COMMON    INTERNAL 
PARASITES. 

Branch Vermes 

Class Annelida 

Order Discophori  

Family Gnathobdellidae 

Genus  and  Species Haemopis  Sanguisuga. 

Class Nemathelmintha 

Order Nematoda 

Family Filaridae 

Genus  and  Species Spiroptera  Scutata. 

Spiroptera  Megastoma. 

Spiroptera  Microstoma. 


PARASITOLOGY.  85 

Genus   and    Species — Continued Spiroptera  Strongylina. 

Spiroptera       Sanguino- 
lenta. 

Simondsia   Paradoxa. 

Filaria  Papillosa. 

Filaria  Cervina. 

Filaria  Immitis. 

Family Ascaridae 

Genus    and   Species Ascaris  ]\Iegalocephala. 

Ascaris  Vituli. 

Ascaris  Ovis. 

Ascaris  Suilla. 

Ascaris  ]\Iarginata. 

Ascaris  Alystax. 

Ascaris  Inflexa. 

Heterakis    Papillosa. 
Family Oxyuridae 

Oxyuris  Curvula. 

Oxyuris  M:astigodes. 
Genus    and   Species 

Strongylus  Arnfieldi. 

Family Strongylidae  ..  Strongylus  Micrurus. 

Genus   and    Species Strongylus   Pulmonalis. 

Strongylus  Filaria. 

Strongylus    Rufescens. 

Strongylus   Paradoxus. 

Strongylus  Pusillus. 

Hemonchus    Contortus. 

Strongylus  Ostertagi. 

Strongylus  Vasorum. 

Sclerostomum        Equi- 
num. 

Sclerostomum    Edenta- 
tum. 

Sclerostomum  Vulgare. 

Triodontophorus       Mi- 
nor. 


86  PARASITOLOGY. 

Genus   and    Species — Continued Triodontophorus      Ser- 

ratus. 
Cylichnostomum        La- 

bratum. 
Cylichnostomum      Tet- 

racanthum. 
Cylichnostomum        La- 

biatum. 
Cylichnostomum    Bico- 

ronatum. 
Cylichnostomum  Pocu- 

latum. 
Cylichnostomum      Cali- 

catum. 
Cylichnostomum    Alve- 

atum. 
Cylichnostomum     Cati- 

natum. 
Cylichnostomum     Nas- 

satum. 
Cylichnostomum    Radi- 

atum. 
Cylichnostomum    Elon- 

gatum. 
,  Gyalocephalus     Capita- 

tus. 
Sclerostoma     Hyposto- 

mum. 
Stephanurus    Dentatus. 
Syngamus  Trachealis. 
Oesophagostoma       In- 

flatum. 
Oesophagostoma      Co^ 

lumbianum. 


PARASITOLOGY.  ^7 

Genus  and  Specieii—CofifivKed OesophagostomaDentat- 

um. 

Uncinaria  Radiata. 

Uncinaria  Cernua, 

Uncinaria  Canina. 

Uncinaria  Stenocephala. 

Family Trichotrachelidae. 

Genus  and  Species Trichocephalus  Depress- 

iusculus. 

Trichocephalus  Affinis. 

Trichocephalus  Crenatus 

Trichina  Spiralis. 

Order Acanthocephala  .... 

Genus  and  Species Echinorhynchus  Gigas. 

Class Plathelmintha Echinorhynchus    Canis. 

Order... Trematoda 

Family Fasciolidae 

Genus  and  Species Distoma  Hepaticum. 

Distoma  Americanum. 

Distoma  Lanceolata. 

Paragonimus    Westerm- 
anii. 

Family Paramphistomidae. 

Genus  and  Species Amphistoma  Cervi. 

Family Schistosomidae 

Genus  and  Species Schistosoma  Bovis. 

Order Cestodae 

Family Taenidae 

Genus  and  Species Taenia  Solium. 

Taenia  Saginata. 

Taenia  Perfoliata. 

Taenia  Mamillana. 

Taenia  Plicata. 

Taenia  Expansa. 

Taenia  Alba. 

Taenia  Denticulata. 

Taenia  Fimbriata. 

Taenia  Marginata. 

Taenia  Echinococcus. 

Taenia  Ovis. 


68  PARASITOLOGY. 

Genus  and  Species — Continued Taenia  Serrata, 

Taenia  Serialis. 
Taenia  Canina. 
Taenia  CrassicoUis. 

Family Bothriocephalidae. 

Genus  and  Species Bothriocephalus  Latus. 

ANNELIDA. 

Haemopis    Sanguisuga  (Sanguis — blood;   sugere — to  suck). 

Synonym. — Horse-leech. 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe,  America,  Turkey 
and  Africa. 

Description. — The  leech  is  black  or  brownish  in 
color,  flattened  ventrally  and  rounded  dorsally.  The 
body  is  composed  of  ninety-five  to  ninety-seven 
rings.  It  is  soft,  slimy  and  capable  of  great  exten- 
sion and  contraction.  It  is  provided  with  an  oral 
and  an  anal  sucker ;  the  suckers  are  shaped  like  the 
beak  of  a  flute.  The  mouth  is  located  in  the  oral 
sucker;  it  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  three-rayed 
star,  each  ray  forming  a  slit  through  which  a  jaw 
may  pass.  By  means  of  this  sucker  it  holds  firmly 
to  the  mucous  membrane,  and  by  means  of  the  teeth 
in  the  jaws  to  wounds  it,  and  thus  is  enabled  to 
suck  the  blood.  The  anal  sucker  is  nearly  twice  as 
large  as  the  oral  one,  and  aids  in  holding  on  to  the 
host;  the  anus  opens  at  the  upper  border.  Ten  eyes 
are  located  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  dorsal  surface. 
The  leeches  are  hermaphrodites  ;  they  are  two  to 
three  inches  in  length. 

Life  Cycle. — Leeches  inhabit  the  water.  The  fe- 
males, at  the  time  of  ovulation,  leave  the  water  and 
bury  themselves  in  the  mud,  where  twelve  to  twenty 
eggs  are  laid ;  the  female  then  crawls  out,  leaving 
the  eggs  buried  as  in  a  cocoon.     These  eggs  hatch 


PARASITOLOGY.  89 

in  from  three  to  four  weeks.  The  leeches  reach 
their  adult  state  in  about  five  years,  and  may  live  to 
be  fifteen  to  twenty  years  old. 

Ajilmals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ox  and  the  dog. 

Parts  Infested. — Mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth, 
pharynx,  nasal  chambers,  eyes  and  lips. 

Symptoms. — When  infested  by  large  numbers  there 
is    observed   loss    of   appetite,  emaciation,  anemia, 
hemorrhage  from  the  nostrils  or  mouth,  depending 
upon  the  location  of  the  leeches  ;  pale  visible  mucous 
membrane;   later  weakness  and  possibly  death.     A 
single  leech,  when  engorged,  will  hold  two  drams  of 
blood.     When  thus  filled  they  loosen  their  hold,  fall 
to  the  ground,  and  in  this  condition  can  fast  a  whole 
year.     The  buccal  apparatus  of  the  leeches  secretes 
a  fluid  called  hirdulin,  which  in  a  measure  prevents 
coagulation    of   blood    by   precipitating   the    Calcium 
Salts,  so  that  hemorrhage  follows  after  their  detach- 
ment from  the  mucous  membrane.     Animals  become 
infested  through  drinking  water  from  infested  pools 
or  streams. 

Treatme7it . — Leeches  may  be  removed  by  throwing 
a  strong  salt  solution  upon  them,  which  causes  them 
to  loosen  their  hold.  They  may  be  removed  with 
the  aid  of  a  dry  towel  or  with  forceps. 

NEMATODA. 

The  order  Nematoda  includes  worms  that  are 
round  or  cylindrical  in  shape.  They  are  provided 
with  a  complete  digestive  apparatus.  There  are  two 
sexes — male  and  female  ;  the  females  always  larger 
than  the  males.  They  infest  various  parts  of  the 
body,  as  the  intestinal  tract,  vascular  system,  lungs, 
abdominal  cavity,  etc.     They  may  produce  abscess, 


90 


PARASITOLOGY. 


hemorrhage,  pneumonia,  etc.,  causing  unthrifty  con- 
dition, loss  of  appetite,  emaciation,  anemia  and 
death. 

FILARIDAE. 

The  family  Filaridae  includes  thread-like  worms 
that  infest  various  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  esopha- 
gus, stomach,  vascular  system  aud  abdominal  cavity. 
They  are  not  blood-suckers. 


Spiroptera  Scutatum 


.S^. 


(Scutem — shield) 
(Speira — spiral) 
(Pteron — wing). 
Synonym.  —  Gongylonema    scuta- 
tum. 

Distribution. — Common  in  Amer- 
ica and  Europe. 

Description. — A  thread-like  worm, 
yellowish  in  color  and  two  to  four 
inches  in  length.  The  tail  of  the 
male  is  coiled,  and  is  provided  with 
two  wings  and  two  spiculae.  The 
tail  of  the  female  is  straight  and  the 
head  is  nude.    It  is  ovo viviparous. 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  the 
ox,  the  sheep  and  the  pig. 

Parts  hiksted. — They  are  found 
coiled  in  a  zig-zag  manner  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  esopha- 
gus. 

Inj2iry  to  Host. — No  injury  has  been  attributed  to 
their  presence. 

Spiroptera  Megastoma  (Mega — large;  stoma— mouth). 
Distribution. — Common  in  America  and  in  Europe. 
Description. — A  thread-like  worm,  white   in  color 


Fig.    30.— Spiroptera 

SCUTATA. 

a,  Esophageal  Mucous 

Membrane. 

b,  Worm  imbedded  in 

spiral  manner. 


Plate  VII. 


t 


ri«.    1 — Spiroptera  Strongylina 

a,  Male. 

b,  Female. 


Fig.  3 — Spiroptera      Strougyli- 
ua. 

(Caudal  extremity  of  male. 
Showing-  2  ppiculae  and 
wings,  also  papillae). 


Fig.   5 — .4scaris    Mystax. 

a,  Cephalic    extremity. 

b.  Caudal   extremity. 


Figr.  2 — .Spir'.>ptera      StroiiRyli- 
iia. 

(Cephalic  extremity  show- 
ing- mouth  and  oesopha- 
gus). 


Fig.  4 — Spiroptera      Strongyli- 
ua. 

(Caudal  extremity  ol;  fe- 
male showing  uterus  filled 
with  eg-gs,  vulva  and  anus). 


Fig.   7 — O.vyii 

(Female). 

a,  Cephalic     extremity 

b,  Caudal    extremity 


^fa.stigodcs. 


Pig,  0 — Cephalic    extremity    of 
Asearis    Siii.s. 

(Front   view). 

a,  Oral    opening. 

b,  Lips. 

c,  Cuticular  surface  surround- 

ing mouth. 

d,  Portion    of    body. 


PARASITOLOGY.  91 

from  one-half  to   three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The   tail  of  the   male  is  coiled  in  a  spiral 
manner.     This  extremity  is  provided  with     ^  ^b 
two  unequal  spiculae  and  five  anal  papillae.  (^ 

The  tail  of  the  female  is  straight  and  ob-  fi?.  si.-spi- 
tuse;  the  vulva  is  situated  near  the  ante-   /optera 

Megastoma. 

rior  third  of  the  body  ;  the  female  is  ovo-   a,  Male, 
viviparous.     The  head  is   provided   with   b,  Female, 
four  thick  lips. 

Animal  Infested. — The  horse. 

Parts  Infested — Conditioyi  Prodicced. — The  worms  are 
found  in  the  stomach  of  the  horse,  where  they  cause 
tumors  ;  the  larvae  find  their  way  into  the  ducts  of 
the  gastric  glands,  where  by  their  presence  they  pro- 
duce sub-mucous  tumors ;  these  tumors  develop  until 
they  are  as  large  as  pigeon's  eggs  and  round  or  oval 
in  shape,  and  the  cavity  of  the  tumor  may  contain 
dozens  of  the  worms;  an  opening  communicates 
with  the  interior  of  the  stomach.  The  color  of  the 
mucous  membrane  over  the  tumor  does  not  differ 
from  that  of  the  remainder  of  the  mucous  surface. 

hijury  to  Host. — When  found  usually  only  one  or 
two  tumors  are  present,  and  no  serious  disturbance 
has  been  noted. 

Spiroptera  Microstoma  (Micro — small ;  stoma — mouth) . 
Distributio7i. — Found   frequently  in   the 
United  States  and  in  Europe. 

Descriptio7i. — In    shape    and    color   this 
worm  resembles  the  preceding  one.     The 
Fig.  32 -Spi-  male  is  about  one-half  inch  long,  the  fe- 

ROPTERA 

Microstoma,  male  three-fourths.     The  tail  of  the  male 
b,  Female,    is  coiled  in  a  spiral  manner ;    the  tail  of 


92  PARASITOLOGY. 

the  female  is  straight;  she  is  ovoviviparous.  The 
caudal  extremity  of  the  male  is  provided  with  two 
spiculae  of  unequal  length  and  two  anal  papillae. 
The  head  is  provided  with  two  lateral  lips. 

Life  History. — Ransom  has  shown  that  the  larva 
of  horse  flies  breeding  in  manure,  devour  the  ova 
in  which  parasite  it  develops  to  fully  mature  larva  by 
the  time  the  flies  are  mature.  Horses  taking  these 
flies  into  the  stomach  become  infested. 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ass  and  the  mule. 

Part  hiksted. — The  stomach, 

Injury  to  Host. — The  worms  maybe  found  in  myr- 
iads, free  in  the  stomach  contents.  Occasionally  one 
will  be  found  with  its  head  lodged  in  the  mouth  of 
a  duct  of  a  gastric  gland.  They  may  produce  ulcers 
and  gastritis  and  interfere  with  the  health  of  the 
animal. 

Treatment .—^^x\z\xiQ  and  gasoline,  in  doses  of  two 
to  four  drams,  followed  by  physic. 

Spiroptera  Strongylina  (Strongylos — round) . 

Synonym. — Ardiienna  strongylina. 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe;  very  common  in  the 
United  States. 

Description. — A  small  white  worm,  thread-like  in  cali- 
bre. The  male  is  about  one-half  inch  in  length;  the  female 
three-fourths  to  four-fifths  of  an  inch.  The  mouth  is  round, 
and  is  not  provided  with  lips  or  papillae.  The  worm  may 
be  straight  or  curved  in  a  half-moon  shape;  it  has  narrow 
lateral    wings    on    each    side,    just    posterior    to    the    head. 

Tail  of  male  is  tightly  coiled,  one  and  one-half  times 
and  is  provided  wi'th  two  broad  unequal  mernbraneous 
alae,  six  papillae  and  two  spicule. 

Animal  Infested, — The  hog. 

Part  Infested. — The  stomach. 

Injury  to  Host. — The  worms  are  usually  found  free 

although   they   have  been   reported   to   have    formed 


Plate  Villa. 


Pf,g.  1 — Spiropterji  llierostonia. 

(Cephalic    extieimty). 

a,  Oral    ca\iti 

b,  Pharynx. 

c,  Oesophag-us. 

d,  Cuticular   surface. 


Fis.  2 — Spiroptera 
Mierostonia. 

(Caudal  extrem- 
ity  of   male). 

a.  Anus. 

b,  Spiculae. 

c,   Transverse 
markings. 


Fig.   3 — Spiroptera 
Mej»a.stonia. 

(Cephalic       ex- 
tremity). 

a,  Oral    cavity. 

b,  Pharynx. 

C-,   Oesophagus. 


Fier.    4 — Filaria 
Cervina. 

3;   Cephalic  extrem- 
ity, 
b,   Caudal    extremity. 


Plate  Vlllb. 


Figr.  5 — Filaria   Pap511osa. 

(Cephalic    extremity). 

a,  Oral   cavity. 

b,  Two  rings  with  four  papil- 
lae each,  two  in  situ. 

c,  Pharynx. 

d,  Oesophagus. 


Fis,    6 — FiSaria    Papillosa. 

(Caudal   extremity  of  male) 

a,  Spiculae. 

b,  Anus. 


Figr.     7 — Heterakis     Papiliosa. 

(Caudal    extremity  of  male). 

a,  Spiculae    unequal    length. 

b,  Preanal    sucker. 

c,  Papillae. 


Fig:.   8 — Filaria   Iiniiiitis. 

(Male), 

a,  Cephalic   extremity. 

b,  Caudal    extremity. 


PARASITOLOGY.  93 

tumors  In  the  wall  of  the  stomach.  Gastritis  has  been 
noted  in  severe  infestations,  in  others  there  are  ulcers 
in  the  mucous  folds  where  worms  are  found,  and 
still  others  no  lesions.  Sections  from  stomach  wall 
has  shown  eosinophilia. 

Another  worm,  slightly  smaller  than  this  one,  has 
been  found  in  company  with  it,  and  has  been  called 
Physocephalus  Sexalatus. 

Spiroptera  Sanguinolenta  (Sanguis — blood). 

Distribidion. — North  and  South  America,  Asia  and 
Europe. 

Description. — A  thread-like  worm,  red  in  color. 
The  male  measures  one  to  one  and  one-half  inches 
ia  length;  the  female  two  to  two  and  one-half 
inches.  The  tail  ot  the  male  is  curved  in  a  spiral 
manner  and  provided  with  two  unequal  spiculae ;  the 
tail  of  the  female  is  straight  or  slightly  curved.  The 
vulva  is  situated  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  poste- 
rior to  the  head. 

Life  Cycle. — The  cockroach  is  the  intermediate 
host.  The  roach  finds  the  eggs  of  the  worm  in  the 
feces  of  the  dog.  In  the  digestive  tract  of  the  cock- 
roach the  embryo  is  liberated  from  the  o^zz  \  the 
embryo  burrows  through  the  intestinal  wall  and 
becomes  encysted  in  the  abdominal  cavity.  The  dog 
in  turn  eats  the  cockroach  whose  abdominal  cavity 
contains  these  encysted  larvae. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Parts  Infested. — The  esophagus  and  stomach. 

Conditio7i  Produced. — The  larva  becomes  lodged 
in  the  walls  of  the  esophagus  or  stomach  and  causes 
a  tumor  which  may  reach  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  ^ZZ. 
A  cavity  in  the  center  of  the  tumor  may  contain  as 
many  as  twenty  worms.     There  is  usually  an  open- 


94  PARASITOLOGY. 

ing  at  the  summit  of  this  tumor.  If  the  tumor  is 
located  in  the  wall  of  the  stomach  it  may  rupture  on 
the  peritoneal  surface,  and  may  cause  a  fatal  peri- 
tonitis. When  tumors  are  located  in  the  wall  of  the 
stomach  vomiting  is  sometimes  noted;  catarrh  of  the 
stomach  and  rapid  loss  of  condition  may  follow. 

SiMONDSiA  Paradoxa  (Simonds) . 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe  ;  have  not  been 
reported  in  the  United  States. 

History, — Discovered  in  1852  by  Mr.  Simonds  in  a 
German  pig  in  the  London  Zoological  Garden. 

Description. — The  body  is  thread-like  in  calibre  and 
tapers  toward  the  head;  the  cephalic  extremity  is 
provided  with  two  lateral  membranous  wings;  the 
mouth  is  supplied  with  two  papillae ;  toward  the 
posterior  part  of  the  body  of  the  female  there  is 
developed  a  rosette-shaped  organ  which  is  formed 
by  the  everted  uterus  ;  the  tail  of  the  male  is  coiled 
in  a  spiral  manner  and  is  provided  with  two  spiculae; 
the  male  is  one-half  inch  long,  the  female  three-fifths 
inch. 

Animal  Infested. — The  pig. 

Part  Infested. — The  stomach. 

Co7idition  Produced. — The  males  are  found  free  in 
the  stomach,  while  the  females  are  found  in  small  tu- 
mors. Large  numbers  of  them  may  produce  indi- 
gestion and  inflammation. 

FiLARiA  Papillosa  (Fllum — thread  ;   papilla). 

Synonym. — Filaria  equina  ;  Seta- 
ria  equina. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


95 


rig.   33.-F1LARIA  Papil- 

LOSA. 

a,  Male. 

b,  Female. 

c,  Spiral  Tail  of  Male. 

d,  Cephalic  Extremity. 


DistribiUion, — Found   in  Amer- 
ica, Asia,  Philippine  Islands,  etc. 

Description. — The  body  is  long, 
thread-like,  and  white  in  color. 
It  is  attenuated  at  both  ends.  Sur- 
rounding the  mouth  are  two  rings, 
each  provided  with  four  papillae. 
The  tail  of  the  male  is  coiled  in  a 
spiral  manner;  the  tail  of  the  fe- 
male is  straight  or  slightly  curved. 
The  male  is  two  to  three  inches 
long;  the  female  three  to  four 
inches;  the  female  is  ovoviviparous. 

A7ii7nals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ass  and  the  mule. 
Parts  In/ested.— Peritoneal  cavity,  and,  by  migra- 
tion, other  parts  of   the  body,  as   scrotum,  pleura, 
between  muscles,  etc. 

Injury  to  Host. — The  Filaria  Papillosa  are  common 
in  horses  in  the  United  States,  but  are  found  only  in 
small  numbers  and  do  not  produce  serious  results. 
If  found  in  large  numbers  they  may  cause  anemia, 
debility  and  death.  This  filaria  while  in  the  imma- 
ture state  may  find  its  way  to  the  eye,  and  the  worm 
can  then  be  seen  floating  in  the  aqueous  humor.  By 
opening  the  anterior  chamber  the  worm  can  be  taken 
from  the  eye.  The  name,  Filaria  Oculi,  or  Filaria 
Oculi  Equina,  has  been  given  to  this  worm  when 
found  in  this  locality.  When  the  worm  finds  its  way 
to  the  eye  it  may  cause  inflammation,  swelling  of  the 
eye  and  closure  of  the  lid.  The  cornea  may  become 
opaque. 


96  PARASITOLOGY. 

FiLARiA  Cervina  (Filaria — a  hair). 

Synonym. — Filaria  Labiato-Papillosa;  Setaria  La- 
biato-Papillosa. 

Distributio7i. — Very  common  in  the  United  States, 
India,  etc. 

Description. — In  size,  shape  and  color  this  worm 
resembles  the  Filaria  Papillosa  except  that  the  head 
is  provided  with  four  papillae,  the  four  outer  ones 
being  absent.  The  female  is  furnished  with  two 
lateral  caudal  papillae.  Like  the  preceding  it  is 
ovoviviparous. 

Parts  Infested. — Peritoneal  cavity  and  by  migration 
other  parts  of  the  body  of  cattle.  The  worms  are 
found  free;  occasionally  one  is  found  imbedded  in  a 
roll  of  fat  just  under  the  serous  membrane. 

Injury  to  Host. — In  the  United  States  it  is  not 
found  in  large  numbers,  and  no  serious  results  are 
noted.  Deaths  due  to  infestation  with  myriads  of 
these  worms  are  reported  from  India.  They  have 
been  reported  as  finding  their  way  to  the  chambers 
of  the  eye. 

Filaria  Immitis  (Im — in  ;  mittere — to  send) . 

Synonym. — Diro'iilaria  immitis. 

Distribution. — America,  Denmark,  Italy,  China, 
Japan,  Brazil  and  other  countries;  especially  preva- 
lent in  low,  marshy  places. 

Description. — A  long,  thread-like  worm,  white  in 
color  and  obtuse  at  both  ends.  The  mouth  is  circu- 
lar and  surrounded  by  six  small  papillae.  The  tail 
of  the  male  is  coiled  in  a  spiral  manner,  making  about 
three  and  one-half  turns,  and  is  provided  with  twenty- 
two   papillae  ;    the  spiculae  are   of  unequal   length. 


PARASITOLOGY.  97 

The  male  is  six  to  seven  inches  long  ;  the  female 
eight  to  ten  ;  the  tail  of  the  female  is  straight ;  she 
is  ovoviviparoiis.  Life  Cycle. — The  mosquito  is 
known  to  be  an  intermediate  host;  in  the  intestinal 
tract  of  this  insect  the  minute  embryo  finds  its  way 
up  the  Malpighian  tubes  and  there  passes  through 
a  non-motile  stage  into  the  larva.  Later  the  larva 
becomes  motile  and  migrates  through  the  tissue  to  the 
head  and  enters  the  proboscis ;  thus  the  dog  is  inocu- 
lated with  the  larval  form  at  the  time  the  mosquito 
punctures  the  skin.  Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 
Parts  Infested. — Right  side  of  the  heart  and  the  pul- 
monary artery. 

Injury  to  Host. — Perhaps  the  first  symptom  noticed 
v^ill  be  dullness,  followed  by  debility  and  dropsy  ; 
the  dog  is  seized  with  convulsions,  which  become 
more  severe  as  the  worms  become  more  numerous  ; 
vomiting  has  been  noted  :  the  patient  usually  dies  in 
convulsions. 

Post  Mortem  Findings. — In  some  cases  hundreds 
of  worms  may  be  found  in  the  right  side  of  the  heart 
and  in  the  pulmonary  artery ;  in  other  instances  a 
lesser  number.  Sometimes  the  worms  are  found 
wound  in  a  mass  obstructing  the  passage  of  blood 
and  causing  an  endocarditis  and  endarteritis. 
ASCARIDAE. 

The  family  Ascaridae  are  commonly  called  Luin= 
bricoids  because  they  resemble  the  earth  w^orms  in 
shape  and  color.  They  include  a  group  of  worms 
the  bodies  of  which  are  much  larger  in  calibre  than 
the  preceding  family.  The  head  parts  are  provided 
with  three  lips,  and  in  most  species  stand  out  promi- 
nently, being  marked  by  a  constriction  posteriorly. 
Species  of   this   family  infest   the  intestines    of    all 


genus 


98  PARASITOLOGY. 

animals,  principally  the  young. 

Under  the   family  Ascaridae  is  placed  the 
Ascaris.     They  are  not  blood  suckers. 
AscARis  Megalocephala  (Megalo — large  ;  Cephale — head) . 

Synonym. — Ascaris  Equorum. 

Distribiitio?i. — Widely  distributed  ;  common  in  the 
United  States. 

Description. — This  is  the  largest  species  of  the 
family  Ascaridae.  The  body  is  as  large  in  calibre  as 
a  lead  pencil;  its  color  is  a  yellowish  white  and  it  is 
marked  with  transverse  ridges;  the  head  is  distinct 
and  is  provided  with  three  lips ;  the  tail  of  the  male 
is  straight  and  it  is  provided  with  small  lateral  mem- 
branous wings  and  80  to  100  papillae.  In  the  female 
the  vulva  is  located  in  the  anterior  one-fourth  of  the 
body.  The  male  measures  eight  to  ten  inches  ;  the 
female  ten  to  twelve  inches ;  the  female  is  ovipa- 
rous      ^«,».mrnnr;m,^  Aitimals   hitcsted. — 

The  horse,  the  ass  and 
the  mule. 

Parts    Infested.  —  The 
small  intestines. 

Symptoms. — They  are 
found  free  in  the  small 
intestines  and  consume 
food  taken  in  by  the 
host  and  digested  ;  thus 
they  rob  the  host  of  its 
nutrients.  By  their 
(K  presence  they  may  cause 
various  troubles  of   di- 

34.-ASCARIS    Megalocephala  (a  gestion  :  they  may  caUSe 

young  one).  a  Catarrhal  couditiou  of 

the  small  intestines,  and 
the    irritation   may     be 


Fig: 


a,  Head,  Showing  Three  Lips. 

b,  Caudal  Extremity. 


PARASITOLOGY.  99 

sufficient  to  produce  diarrhoea,  a  rough  coat  and  an 
unthrifty  condition.  Worms  may  be  passed  in  the 
feces. 

Treatment. — An  aloetic  ball  made  of  one  ounce 
Barbadoes  aloes,  one  dram  powdered  nux  vomica, 
with  a  sufficient  quantity  of  linseed  meal  and  glycer- 
ine to  make  a  bolus,  followed  by  two  drams  tartar 
emetic  twice  a  day  ;  or,  two-dram  doses  of  iron  sul- 
phate three  times  a  day  for  three  or  four  days,  con- 
joined with  the  aloetic  ball;  or,  oil  of  turpentine 
two  to  three  ounces,  and  two  to  three  pints  of  raw 
linseed  oil. 

AsCARis  ViTULi  (Vitulus— a  calf.) 

Synonym. — Ascaris  Bovis;  Ascaris  Vitulonim. 

Distribution. — Common  in  Southern  Europe;  rare 
in  America. 

Description. — In  this  species  the  head  is  small  and 
distinct;  the  lips  are  enlarged  at  the  base  and  stand 
out  prominently  :  the  posterior  extremity  terminates 
in  a  conical  point  which  is  reddish  white  in  color ; 
the  male  is  six  to  eight  inches  long ;  the  female  is 
eight  to  ten  inches  long  and  oviparous.     They  have 


Fig.  35.— Ascaris  Ovis. 
a,  Cephalic  Extremity. 
b   Caudal  Extremity. 


100  PARASITOLOGY. 

been  known  to  ascend  to  the  abomasum. 

Afiimal  hifested. — Principally  calves. 

Parts  /?ifes fed.— -Small  intestines. 

Symptoms. — Large  numbers  cause  unthriftiness  and 
are  said  to  produce  colic  and  even  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine. 

Treatme7it. — Same  as  for  horse  ;  the  dose  should 
varj^  with  the  size  and  age  of  the  animal ;  the  physic 
should  consist  of  from  one-half  to  two  pounds  of 
Epsom  salts. 

AscARis  Ovis  (Ovis — sheep). 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe  ;  rare  in  America. 

Description. — The  head  is  small  and  provided  with 
three  lips  with  denticulated  borders.  The  upper  lip 
is  furnished  with  two  small  papillae ;  the  remaining 
lips  have  only  one  papilla  each.  The  parasite  is 
yellowish  white  in  color ;  is  oviparous;  is  attenuated 
at  both  ends.  The  male  is  four  to  six  inches  long  ; 
the  female  six  to  eight  inches. 

Ajiimal  hifested. — Sheep. 

Parts  Infested. — Small  Intestines. 

Symptoms.— Similar  to  those  in  calves. 

Treatffient .—Similar  to  that  for  calves. 


PARASITOLOGY. 
AscARis  SuiLLA  (Suis — hog) . 


101 


Synonyms. — Ascaris 
Suis ;  Ascaris  Lum- 
bricoides ;  Ascaris 
Suum. 

Distribution . — Very 
common  in  the  United 
States;  also  found  in 
other  countries. 

Desc7'iption. — The 
head    is    small;    the 
superior    lip    is   pro- 
vided with  two  papil- 
lae, which  are  located 
at  the  lower  angles  ; 
the    two     remaining- 
lips  are  provided  with 
one  papilla  each,  lo- 
cated at  the    middle 
of  the  base ;  the  cau- 
dal extremity  of  the 
male  is  provided  with 
sixty  to  seventy  papillae ;    the  male  is  seven  to  ten 
inches  long  ;   the  female  ten  to  twelve  inches ;  it  is 
oviparous;   pinkish  white  in  color. 
Animal  Infested. — The  hog. 
Parts  Infested. — The  small  intestines. 
Symptoms. — Large  numbers  cause  various  intes- 
tinal   disorders,  as   indigestion,  colic,  diarrhoea  and 
obstruction,   followed  by  emaciation.     Large  num- 
bers   always   cause   an  unthrifty  condition.     If   the 
worms  ascend  to  the  stomach  they  cause  nausea  and 
vomiting;    if   they  enter  the  pancreatic   duct   they 
cause  obstruction  and  inflammation  of  that  part,  and 


Fig.   36.— Ascaris  Suis  (a  young  one) 

a,  Cephalic  Extremity. 

b.  Caudal  Extremity. 


102  PARASITOLOGY. 

possibly  jaundice.  As  much  as  two  feet  of  the  small 
intestines  of  the  pig  has  been  noted  to  be  thoroughly 
filled  with  worms,  which,  upon  being  removed,  were 
found  in  a  tangled  mass. 

TreaUnent. — The  matter  of  medicating  hogs  is  not 
so  easy  a  task  as  in  other  animals  ;  the  medicine  may 
be  put  in  milk  or  other  thin  fluid  which  is  readily 
relished  by  them,  then  pouring  this  into  a  trough 
where  all  can  share  in  the  food  ;  it  will  be  found 
that  they  can  thus  be  satisfactorily  medicated.  San- 
tonin and  powdered  areca  nut  can  be  given  together 
in  the  following  proportions  :  The  areca  nut  should 
be  given  in  from  one-half  grain  to  one  grain  per  pound 
weight,  with  santonin  one  to  four  grains  per  pig, 
depending  on  the  size.  The  powdered  areca  nut, 
being  an  irritant,  acts  as  a  purgative. 

AsCARis  Margtn'ata  (Marginatus — marginal). 
Sy7iony}n.—yi2,v^  worm;  Toxastrus  limbatus. 
Distribution. — Common  in  the  United  States;  also 
found  in  Europe  and  other  countries. 

Descriptio7i. — The  body  is  pinkish  white  in  color; 
the  head  is  usually  slightly  curved  and  is  provided 
with  two  lateral  membranous  wings  which  are  broader 
behind  than  in  front  and  make 
the  head  resemble  an  Indian  ar- 
row; each  lip  is  provided  with 
a  papilla ;  the  male  is  one  and 
one-half  to  two  inches  long  ;  the 
female  two  to  three  inches ;  the 
female  is  oviparous  ;  the  vulva 

Fig.   37.— AsCARis  Mar-  ^  .  ,   •     i 

GiNATA.  is  located  on  the  anterior  third 

a.  Cephalic  Extremity.         ^f  ^j^g  body. 

b,  Caudal  Extremity. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 


PARASITOLOGY.  10^ 

Parts  hifesied. — The  small  intestines. 

Symptoms. — The  puppy  is  most  often  infested, 
though  we  find  them  in  older  dogs.  About  forty- 
percent  of  the  dogs  are  infested.  The  parasites  cause 
irregularity  of  digestion,  as  diarrhoea,  colic,  nervous- 
ness, irregular  appetite  and  unthrifty  appearing  coat, 
and  later  emaciation.  If  the  parasites  ascend  to  the 
stomach,  nausea  and  vomiting  are  noted.  The  bowel 
may  be  occupied  by  large  masses  of  these  worms ; 
the  passing  of  the  worms  is  a  diagnostic  symptom. 

Treatjnent. — The  dosage  should  vary  with  the  age 
and  size  of  the  animal;  puppies  take  one-half  grain 
santonin  with  five  to  ten  grains  areca  nut.  As  the 
dog  grows  the  dose  of  santonin  may  be  increased 
to  three  or  four  grains,  according  to  age  and  size. 
The  dosage  of  powdered  areca  nut  is  one  to  two 
grams  for  each  pound  weight ;  the  areca  nut  is  an 
intestinal  irritant  and  acts  as  a  purge. 

Santonin,  2  grains ;  Arecolin,  ^/^^  grain ;  Calomel,  1 
grain ;  Chelidonin,  3/4  grain.  This  has  worked  excel- 
lently both  in  dogs  and  hogs,  ridding  the  intestinal 
tract  of  round  worms. 

AscARis  Mystax  (Mystax — mustache). 

Synonym. — Ascaris  felis. 

Distribiitio?i.—Yoyxn6.  common  in  America  and 
other  countries. 

Description. — In  regard  to  its  anatomical  structure 
it  is  similar  to  the  Ascaris  Marginata  of  the  dog,  and 
by  some  is  regarded  as  a  smaller  variety  of  the  same 
species. 

Animal  Infested. — The  cat. 

Pa7^t  Infested. — The  small  intestine. 

Symptoms. — If  the  worms   ascend  to  the  stomach 


104  PARASITOLOGY. 

nausea  and  vomiting  are  noted.  Cats  infested  by 
large  numbers  of  them  show  symptoms  of  nervous- 
ness and  loss  of  appetite  with  various  digestive  dis- 
orders.    The  cat  sits  around  and  is  dull  and  stupid. 

Treatment. — The  same  as  in  the  dog,  with  corres- 
pondingly smaller  doses. 


Fig.   38 


Fig. 39a. 


Fig.  Z^. — Ascaris  inflexa,  round  worms  from  the  first 
portion  of  the  intestines  of  a  hen.  Natural  size.  a.  female; 
b,  male. 

Fig.  39a. — Heterakis  papillosa.  na'tural  size:  a.  female; 
b,  male. — ^From  Kaiipp's   Diseases  of  Poultry. 

Fig.  39. — Heterakis  papillosa,  round  worm,  head  end 
only,  from  the  caecum  (blind  gut)  of  a  hen,  magnified:  a, 
mouth;  b,  oesophagus  (gullet). 

Ascaris  Inflexa  (Inflexis — to  bend). 
Synonym. — Heterakis  Inflexa, 


PARASITOLOGY.  105 

Description. — The  body  is  yellowish  white  in  color  ; 
the  male  is  one  and  one-half  inches  long  ;  the  female 
one  and  one-half  to  two  inches.     Common  in  U.  S. 

A 71  ima Is  Infested. — Fowl s . 

Paris  Infested. — Small  intestines. 

Condition  Produced. — Digestive  disorders,  as  indi- 
gestion and  diarrhoea,  which  may  terminate  in  death. 
They  have  been  found  so  numerous  as  to  obstruct 
the  lumen. 

Treatment. — For  adult  birds,  powdered  areca  nut, 
twenty  to  thirty  grains,  made  into  pill  form.  Youn- 
ger birds  should  be  given  doses  accordingly.  Tur- 
pentine in  doses  of  from  one  to  two  teaspoonfuls, 
given  before  feeding. 

Heterakis  Papillosa. 

History. — Found  common  throughout  the  United 
States. 

A  n  iinal  Infested. — 'Chickens. 

Part  Infested. — Small  intestines  and  caecum. 

Description. — The  male  measures  from  one-third 
to  one-half  inch  in  length,  the  female  from  one-half 
to  three-fourths  inches.  The  body  is  white.  The 
mouth  is  provided  with  three  lips.  The  caudal  ex- 
tremity of  the  male  is  provided  with  two  spiculae  of 
unequal  length  and  a  pre-anal  sucker  surrounded  with 
a  vesicular  ring.  It  is  provided  with  a  row  of  papillae. 
The  tail  of  the  female  is  gradually  attenuated  to  a 
sharp  point. 

OXYURIDAE. 

The  worms  that  belong  to  the  family  Oxyuridae 
are   commonly  called  pin  worms.     They  include  a 


106  PARASITOLOGY. 

group  of  worms  whose  heads  are  provided  with  three 
small  lips.  The  body  is  rather  heavy,  and  in  the 
female  the  tail  is  long  and  attenuated.  The  males 
are  provided  with  spiculae  and  two  pre-anal  papillae, 
and  a  rudimentary  caudal  pouch. 

The  Oxyuridae  are  not  blood  suckers. 

Under  the  family  Oxyuridae  is  placed  the  genus 
Oxyuris. 

OxYURiS  CuRVULA  (Oxys — pointed  ;  oura-    tail) . 

Syjionym. — Pin  worm  ;  maw 
worm ;  curved  Oxyuris. 

Distribution. — Very  common  in 
the  United  States. 

Description. — The  body  is  whit- 
ish in  color  and  rather  thick  ;  the 
head  is  blunt  and  is  provided  with 
three  lips ;  the  tail  of  the  female 
is  long  and  attenuated ;  the  vulva 

Fig.  40— Oxyuris  Cur-   .     .         ^    j    •      ^i  ^      •         ^i  •    j       r 

vuLA  (Female).       ^^  locatcd  m  the  anterior  third  of 

a,  Cephalic  extremity,   the  body.     The  male  is  provided 

b,  Caudal  extremity.  .   ,  -..  ,  ,    ,  , 

With  a  rudimentary  caudal  pouch 
and  one  spicula;  the  posterior  extremity  is  blunt. 
The  male  is  from  one-half  to  three-fourths  inch  in 
length ;  the  female  is  from  one  to  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  length  ;  the  female  is  oviparous. 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ass  and  the  mule. 

Parts  Infested. — Throughout  the  length  of  the  large 
intestine  and  the  rectum. 

Co7iditio7i  Produced. — Their  presence  in  large  num- 
bers causes  considerable  irritation,  which  results  in 
':.  catarrhal  state.  After  evacuation  of  the  bowels 
there  is  noted  a  small  quantity  of  thick,  whitish  fluid 
around  the  anus  (the  product  of  catarrh)  which  dries 


PARASITOLOGY.  107 

in  this  region  and  appears  as  a  white  deposit.  Pru- 
ritus may  accompany  this  affection  if  the  worms  be 
lodged  in  the  rectum.  The  animal  rubs  the  root  of 
the  tail;  as  a  result  the  hair  becomes  rough,  broken, 
and  has  a  matted  appearance.  The  animal  is  un- 
thrifty;  the  coat  is  rough;  worms  are  passed  with 
the  feces,  which  is  a  diagnostic  symptom. 

Treatment. — An  aloetic  ball  containing  powdered 
aloes  one  ounce  and  powdered  nux  vomica  two  drams, 
followed  by  tartar  emetic  two  drams  twice  a  day  for 
three  days  ;  or,  iron  sulphate,  two-  to  three-dram 
doses  twice  daily  for  several  days. 

OxYURiS  Mastigodes  (Mastix — whip  ;   eidos — form). 

Synonym. — Long-tailed  Oxyuris. 

Distribntion. — Found  throughout  America  and  Eu- 
rope. 

Description. — Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in 
size,  shape  and  color  ;  the  tail  of  the  female  is  atten- 
uated ;  the  attenuated  portion  is  three  to  four  times 
the  length  of  the  body ;  the  female  measures  from 
three  to  four  inches  in  length;  the  male  is  similar  to 
the  male  of  the  Oxyuris  Curvula. 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  the  ass  and  the  mule. 

Parts  Infested. — The  caecum,  the  colon  and  the  rec- 
tum. 

Syinptoms  and  Treatment. — Same  as  with  the  Oxy- 
uris Curvula. 

STRONGYLIDAE. 

The  family  Strongylidae  includes  a  large  group  of 
blood-sucking  worms.  It  includes  six  genera  com- 
mon to  the  domesticated  animals,  viz.:  Strongylus, 
Sclerostoma,  Stephanurus,  Syngamus,  Oesophago= 
^toma  and  Uncinaria. 


108  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  genus  Strongylus 
is  called  Strongylosis. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  genus  Sclerostoma 
is  called  Sclerostomiasis. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  Stephanurus  is 
called  Stephaniasis. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  genus  Syngamus 
is  called  Syngamosis. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  genus  Oesophag- 
ostoma  is  called  Oesophagostomiasis. 

The  condition  produced  by  the  Uncinaria  is  called 
Uncinariosis. 

The  heads  of  some  are  provided  with  papillae  ; 
others  are  nude,  while  some  have  a  buccal  armature 
consisting  of  membranous  teeth. 

Some  infest  the  stomach  and  the  small  or  large  in- 
testines ;  others  are  found  in  the  fat  around  the  kid- 
ney and  in  the  lungs,  etc.  The  male  is  provided 
with  a  caudal  pouch  which  may  be  a  single  pouch  or 
divided  into  two  (bilobate).  The  caudal  pouch  is 
composed  of  finger-like  projections  or  ribs  ;  stretch- 
ing from  rib  to  rib  is  a  delicate  membranous  expan- 
sion which  forms  the  pouch,  the  ribs  acting  as  sup- 
ports. Two  spiculae,  usually  of  equal  length,  are 
observed.  In  some  species  they  project  beyond  the 
pouch,  others  scarcely  to  its  posterior  border.  The 
caudal  pouch  is  used  to  clasp  the  female  during  th 
act  of  copulation. 

STRONGYLOSIS. 

Strongylosis  is  a  condition  in  which  the  animal  is 
infested  by  some  of  the  strongle.  There  are  five 
forms  of  strongylosis,  viz.: 


PARASITOLOGY.  i09 

fironchiai  or  Pulmonic  Strongylosis,— infestation 

of  the  bronchi  or  lungs. 

Gastric  Strongylosis,~infestation  of  the  stout)' 
ach. 

Intestinal  Strongylosis,— infestation  of  the  intes- 
tines. 

Vascular  Strongylosis,— infestation  of  the  blood 
vessels. 

Renal  Strongylosis,— infestation  of  the  kidney  or 
fat  around  the  kidney  with  strongle. 

Wet  seasons  favor  the  development  of  the  disease, 
as  moisture  insures  the  life  of  the  embryo  outside  of 
the  body  of  the  animal.  The  disease  is  most  preva- 
lent on  low-lying  and  swampy  lands.  It  may  be 
spread  by  the  ova  or  embryos  being  carried  in  the 
stream  of  water,  or  by  infested  animals  being  intro- 
duced into  a  herd ;  the  animal  becomes  infested 
through  contaminated  food  and  water.  It  is  probably 
necessary  for  these  worms  to  pass  out  of  the  host  in 
order  to  complete  a  portion  of  their  life  history.  If 
the  ova  or  embryos  fall  into  water  or  moist  places 
they  may  remain  alive  for  several  months,  provided 
there  is  no  putrefaction  of  organic  matter.  At  the 
end  of  one  week  they  have  been  noted  to  moult, 
After  a  second  moulting  they  apparently  become 
shriveled  and  remain  in  the  skin.  In  this  state  they 
may  resist  desiccation,  and  possibly  cold  tempera- 
ture, for  a  long  time.  Upon  being  taken  in  by  the 
host  they  become  revivified  and  develop  into  adult 
worms.  A  weakened  physical  condition  lessens  the 
animal's  powers  of  resistance  to  the  invasion  of  the 
parasites. 


110  PARASITOLOGY. 

BRONCHIAL  AND  PULMONARY  STRONGYLOSIS. 

This  condition  is  also  called  Verminous  Bronchi^ 
tis,  or  Verminous  Pneumonia. 

In  Bronchial  Strongylosis  the  worms  are  found 
coiled  in  small  balls  in  the  bronchial  tubes ;  their 
presence  causes  bronchitis  and  may  occlude  the 
bronchial  tube. 

In  Pulmonary  Strongylosis  the  worms  find  their 
way  to  the  air  saccules  and  produce  a  like  condition. 
Broncho=pneumonia  may  develop  as  a  result  of  in- 
festation of  both  bronchi  and  air  saccules.  The 
bronchial  type  of  the  disease  is  most  often  found  in 
the  young  animals,  while  the  pulmonary  form  is 
found  in  the  old  ones.  All  animals  are  infested  by 
their  respective  species  of  the  genus  Strongylus. 

Symptoms. — At  autopsy,  a  few  worms  have  been 
found  in  the  lungs  of  animals  that  showed  no  signs 
of  disease  during  life.  The  symptoms  are  slight  at 
the  commencement  of  an  attack ;  there  is  a  loss  of 
appetite  and  an  unthrifty  appearance  of  the  animal, 
and  finally  emaciation.  There  is  a  rise  of  tempera- 
ture ;  accelerated  respiration  due  to  the  plugging  of 
the  bronchi  with  worms  and  mucus. 

It  is  accompanied  by  a  cough  which  becomes  more 
painful  as  the  disease  progresses.  In  later  stages 
the  fits  of  coughing  are  accompanied  with  convul- 
sions, and  the  animal  finally  dies  of  suffocation.  The 
animal  may  expectorate  ova  or  larvae.  Upon  aus- 
cultation mucus  rales  may  be  heard ;  dullness  may  be 
noted  on  percussion. 

Treatment. — The  problem  of  medicating  large 
numbers  of  cattle,  sheep  or  hogs  infested  by  the  lung 
worms  is  somewhat  difficult.     In  horses  and  asses 


\ 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Ill 


the  steaming  with  oil  of  eucalyptus  and  turpentine, 
of  each  one  dram  in  one-half  gallon  of  water,  for 
one-half  hour  twice  daily,  will  be  effective  treatment. 
The  can  is  made  cone  shape,  so  that  one  end  of  a 
rubber  hose  can  be  attached  to  the  top.  The  other 
end  of  the  hose  is  attached  to  a  hole  in  a  disc-shaped 
board  placed  in  the  bottom  of  a  grain  sack ;  in  the 
top  of  the  sack  is  a  hoop  which  holds  the  sack  open 
for  the  reception  of  the  nose. 


THE  LUNG  WORMS. 

Strongylus  Arnfieldi  (Arnfield). 

Distribution. — Rare  in  the  Unit- 
ed States. 

Description. — It  is  a  thread-like 
worm,  white  in  color;  the  mouth 
is  orbicular  and  nude  ;  the  caudal 
pouch  of  the  male  is  short;  the 
spiculae  do  not  project  as  far  as  the 
posterior  border  of  the  pouch ; 
the  tail  of  the  female  ends  obtuse- 
ly ;  the  male  is  from  one  to  one 
and  one-half  inches  long,  the  fe- 
male from  two  to  two  and  one- 
half  inches  ;  the  female  is  ovipa- 
rous. 

Ajiimals  Infested. — The  horse, 
the  ass  and  the  mule. 

Parts  Infested. — The  bronchi  and 
lungs. 


Fig.  41— Strongylus  Arnfieldi. 
Caudal  Extremity  of  Female. 
a.  Anus. 


112 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.  42-Strongylus  Arnfieldi  ;  Caudal  Extremity  of  Male 

a,  Spiculae. 

b,  Caudal  Fouch  showing  special  arrangement  of  ribs. 


PARASITOLOGY, 


115 


Fig. 


43-Strongylus  Arnfibldi, 
Ova. 

Process  of  Segmentation. 
Drawing  made  from  Ova  in  Uterc 
Stained  with  eosin  and  methylfn  blua 


^g.  44'-Strongylus  Arnfieldi 
Adults  about  natural  sis«* 
a,  Male 
b,  Female 


%xi 


Fig.    45-StRONGYLUS  ARNFlELDi 
Cephalic  Extremity. 
a,  Mouth,     b,  Oesophagus. 
c«  Intestines. 


114  PARASITOLOGY. 

Strongylus  Micrurus  (Micros — small ;   oura — tail) . 

Distribution. — Common  in  certain  localities  of  the 
United  States  ;  found  in  Europe. 

Description. — The  parasite  resembles  the  preceding 
one  in  general  appearance  ;  is  white  in  color ;  the 
mouth  is  circular  and  nude  ;  the  spiculae  of  the  male 
are  short  and  strong,  the  caudal  pouch  small ;  the 
body  of  the  female  tapers  to  a  short,  sharp  tail ;  the 
male  is  one  and  one-half  to  two  inches  long,  the  fe- 
male two  to  three  inches  ;  the  female  is  ovovivipa- 
rous. 

Animal  Infested. — The  ox. 

Parts  Infested. — Bronchi  and  air  cells. 

Strongylus  Pulmonalis  (Pulmo — a  lung) . 

Distribution. — Found  in  America  and  Europe. 

Description. — The  mouth  is  circular  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  small  papillae  ;  the  caudal  pouch  of  the 
male  is  bell-shaped  and  is  provided  with  seven  ribs ; 
the  tail  of  the  female  is  attenuated,  tapering  to  a 
sharp  point ;  the  male  is  one  to  one  and  one-quarter 
inches  long,  the  female  one  and  one-quarter  to  one 
and  one-half  inches. 

Anijnals  Infested. — Principally  young  calves. 

Parts  Infested. — Principally  bronchi. 

Conditio7i  Produced. — The  conditions  and  symptoms 
are  the  same  as  given  in  the  general  description  of 
verminous  bronchitis. 

The  malady  is  often  called  Hoose,  Husk,  or  Paper 
Skin. 

Strongylus  Filaria  (Strongylos — cylindrical) 
(filum — a  thread). 

Distribution.— YoMnd  in  the  United  States  and 
other  countries. 


PARASITOLOGY.  115 

Description. — This  parasite  is  filiform,  white  in 
color  and  attenuated  at  both  extremities ;  the  mouth 
is  circular  and  nude ;  the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male 
is  well  developed ;  the  spiculae  do  not  reach  to  the 
outer  border ;  the  male  is  two  to  three  inches  long, 
the  female  three  to  four  inches  ;  the  female  is  ovo- 
viviparous. 

Animals  hifested. — The  sheep,  the  goat  and  the 
camel. 

Parts  hiksted. — Bronchi  and  lungs. 

Disease  Produced. — The  disease  is  called  Hoose, 
Husk,  Paper  Skin  or  Lamb  Disease. 

Conditions  and  symptoms  are  the  same  as  de- 
scribed under  general  symptoms. 

Strongylus  Rufescens  (Rufescent — reddish). 

Synonym, — Strongylus  Ovis  Pulmonalis. 

Distribution. — Found  in  some  localities  in  United 
States. 

Description. — Thread-like  and  reddish  brown  in 
color  ;  the  mouth  is  provided  with  three  papilliform 
lips;  the  caudal  pouch  is  small  and  has  a  shallow 
notch  on  each  side  ;  the  tail  of  the  female  terminates 
in  a  blunt  point ;  the  male  is  one  to  one  and  a  quar- 
ter inches  long,  the  female  one  and  one-quarter  to 
one  and  one-half  inches. 

Animals  Infested. — Sheep  and  goat. 

Parts  hifested. — Bronchi  and  lungs. 

Strongylus  Paradoxus  (Paradoxum — beside). 
Synonym. — Strongylus  Elongatus. 
Distribution. — Common  in  the  United  States. 
Descriptio7i. — The  body  is  thread-like  and  white  or 


116  PARASITOLOGY. 

brownish  white  in  color  ;  the  mouth  is  surrounded 
by  six  papillae  ;  the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is 
fairly  well  developed  ;  the  spiculae  are  very  long-  ; 
the  tail  of  the  female  terminates  in  a  blunt  point ; 
the  male  measures  about  one  inch  in  length,  the  fe- 
male one  to  one  and  one-half  inches. 

Animal  Infested. — The  hog. 

Parts  hifested. — The  bronchi  and  lungs. 

Strongylus  Pusillus  (Pusillus— very  little) . 

Distribution. — Rare  ;  has  been  reported  in  Europe. 

Desci'iption. — A  hair-like  worm  ;  the  mouth  is  nude  ; 
the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  short ;  the  spiculae 
are  long  and  slender  ;  the  tail  of  the  female  termin- 
ates in  a  blunt  point ;  the  male  is  about  one-sixth 
inch  long,  the  female  one-half  inch ;  the  female  is 
oviparous. 

Animal  Infested. — The  cat. 

Parts  Infested. — The  bronchi  and  lungs. 

Co7iditio7i  Produced. — Small  pneumonic  areas  are 
produced  throughout  the  lung  by  the  presence  of 
embryo  or  adult.  These  granules  are  yellowish 
white,  and  vary  in  size  from  a  pinhead  to  a  millet 
seed.  The  nodules  project  from  beneath  the  pleura 
or  they  may  be  imbedded  in  an  area  of  gray  hepati- 
zation. The  symptoms  are  similar  to  those  mani- 
fested in  larger  animals.  The  frequent  fits  of  cough- 
ing may  be  followed  by  vomiting.  In  later  stages 
they  lose  condition, — stairy  coat,  emaciation  and 
death. 

Treatment. — Steam  inhalation  of  oil  of  eucalyptus 
and  turpentine. 


PARASITOLOGY.  117 

Haemonchus  Contortus  (Contortus — twisted). 

U^—^  Synonym. — Strongylus  Contortus. 

^         Distribution. — Common  in  many  states, 
/      especially  in  the  South  and  middle  West. 
Description. — Hair-like    in    appearance  ; 
Strongylus  body    white    or   pinkish  white   in   color ; 
Contortus  the  mouth  is  nude ;    two  lateral  papillae 
b,  Female.    ^^^  notcd  a  short  distance  from  the  head ; 
the  cuticular    surface  has  fine  transverse 
striations  ;    the   caudal    pouch  is   bilobate,  i.  e.,  the 
pouch  is  divided  into  two  parts  ;    the  body  of   the 
female  terminates  in  a  pointed  tail ;  the  male  meas- 
ures four-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length,  the  female  about 
one  inch. 

Life  Cycle. — The  female  is  oviparous.  The  ova 
are  passed  from  the  animal  in  the  feces  ;  the  egg 
thus  passed  has  been  found  to  be  undergoing  seg- 
mentation, and  has  hatched  in  from  two  to  three 
days.  The  embryo  is  very  small  and  is  provided 
with  a  fine-pointed  tail.  In  the  development  from 
the  embryonic  to  the  fully  developed  larval  stage,  it 
moults  at  least  twice  ;  the  em?bryo  becomes  shriv- 
eled in  the  last  moult,  and  remains  in  the  skin,  in 
which  state  it  is  usually  found  upon  blades  of  grass 
or  other  objects.  In  this  state  it  can  retain  its  vital- 
ity for  several  weeks,  withstanding  desiccation  and 
freezing.  When  taken  into  the  stomach  the  larva 
becomes  revivified  and  developes  into  the  adult 
stage.  The  worm  is  a  bloodsucker  and  is  often 
found  attached  to  the  mucous  membrane,  holding  on 
by  means  of  its  buccal  armature. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  the  sheep  and  the  goat. 
Parts  Infested. — Abomasum  and  intestines- 


118  PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms. — This  is  a  serious  form  of  intestinal 
strongylosis,  often  causing  great  loss  among  cattle 
and  sheep.  The  first  symptoms  are  those  of  diar- 
rhoea loss  of  appetite,  followed  by  gradual  loss  of 
condition.  The  mucous  membranes  become  pale, 
due  to  the  loss  of  blood;  the  hair  becomes  rough; 
there  is  great  thirst  and  languor ;  swellings  may  be 
noted  about  the  head  and  chest ;  the  skin  becomes 
dry,  hence  the  condition  has  been  called  paper  skin. 
The  animal  may  die. 

Treatment. — Kamala,  thymol,  benzine,  turpentine 
and  gasoline  have  been  given  with  more  or  less  good 
results.  The  best  results  are  probably  derived  from 
the  following  treatment :  To  cattle  that  have  fasted 
over  night  give  two  to  six  ounces  of  gasoline  once 
a  day  for  four  or  five  days.  The  first  day  give  one 
to  two  pounds  of  Epsom  salts.  To  lambs  and  sheep 
give  two  to  eight  drams  of  gasoline,  after  fasting, 
and  drench  with  the  proper  amount  of  salts,  as  in 
cattle.  It  is  recommended  to  give  gasoline  in  doses 
sufficient  to  make  the  animal  show  symptoms  as 
though  drunk. 

Strongylus  Ostertagi  (Ostertag). 

Synonym. — Strongylus  Convolutus;  Ostertagia  os- 
tertagi. 

Distribtttion. — Found  in  the  middle  West  and  in 
the  southern  states  ;  also  in  Europe. 

Description. — The  anatomical  structure  resembles 
that  of  the  Strongylus  Contortus.  The  color  of  the 
body  is  brownish  yellow.  The  male  measures  one- 
third  of  an  inch  in  length,  the  female  one-half  inch. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  the  sheep  and  the  goat. 

Parts  Infested. — Abomasum  and  intestines. 


PARASITOLOGY.  119 

Conditio7i  Produced. — It  becomes  lodged  in  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  abomasum  and  intestines, 
more  commonly  in  the  former  location.  Upon  ex- 
amination of  the  infested  tissue  small  nodules,  the 
size  of  a  pinhead  or  millet  seed,  will  be  observed. 
These  nodules  may  be  slightly  depressed  in  the  cen- 
ter. If  this  membrane  be  placed  in  a  compressor 
glass  it  will  be  found  to  contain  the  larva  or  adult 
worm. 

Sympto77is. — The  symptoms  are  the  same  as  those 
produced  by  the  Strongylus  Contortus. 

Treatmeiit. — The  same  as  for  the  Strongylus  Con- 
tortus. 

STRONGYLES  OF  THE  HORSE. 
The  Strongylus-Armatus  Group. 

In  the  group  of  parasites  commonly  known  under 
the  name  of  Strongylus  armatus  will  be  discussed  the 
following  genera:  Sclerostomum  and  Triodonto- 
phorus. 

Genus  Sclerostomum. 

The  mouth-collar  is  formed  by  a  continuation  of 
the  skin  and  at  its  upper  part  is  split  into  a 
delicate  fringe-like  crown.  See  figure  1,  4  and  6, 
Plate  9,  and  9  in  Plate  9.  The  inner  part  of 
this  mouth-collar  rests  on  the  anterior  border  of  the 
mouth-capsule.  The  skin  is  thick.  The  head  is  pro- 
vided with  papillae  and  the  four  sub-median  are 
marked  by  a  short  point  composed  of  the  chitinous 
substance  of  the  mouth-collar  and  projecting  at  the 
base  of  the  anterior  leaf-crown.  The  'fiibers  of  the 
papillary  nerves  terminate  immediately  beneath  them. 
The  lateral  papillae  are  not  provided  with  these  points 


120  PARASITOLOGY. 

and  do  not  project  over  the  collar.  See  figures 
1,  4  and  6,  Plate  9,  and  9  in  Plate  9.  The  inner 
part  of  this  mouth-collar  rests  on  the  anterior 
border  of  the  mouth-capsule.  The  skin  is  thick.  The 
head  is  provided  with  papillae  and  the  four  submedian 
are  marked  by  a  short  point  composed  of  the  chitinous 
substance  of  the  mouth-collar  and  projecting  at  the 
base  of  the  anterior  leaf-crown.  The  fibers  of  the 
papillary  nerves  terminate  immediately  beneath  them. 
The  lateral  papillae  are  not  provided  with  these  points 
and  do  not  project  over  the  collar.  See  figures  1,  4 
and  6  of  Plate  9,  and  9,  Plate  9. 

The  intestine  is  composed  of  two  rows  of  epithe- 
lial cells,  one  dorsal  and  one  ventral.  These  cells  are 
very  large  and  contain  large  oval  nuclei.  This  is  best 
seen  on  cross  section  of  the  worm. 

The  digestive  tract  consists  of  the  following 
structures:  mouth,  esophagus,  intestine  (chyle  intes- 
tine) and  rectum. 

The  papillae  are  connected  with  the  central  nervous 
system  four  of  the  fibers  going  to  the  four  lateral 
papillae  and  four  to  the  submedian  papillae. 

The  bursa  of  the  male  is  rather  small.  See 
figure  5,  Plate  9,  and  figure  10,  Plate  9,  and 
figure  17,  Plate  10.  The  genital  opening  is  placed 
at  the  top  of  the  genital  cone  on  the  ventral 
surface  of  the  body.  The  two  spicules  are  thin  and 
slender.  The  vulva  of  the  female  is  anterior  to  the 
anus  and  in  the  posterior  third  of  the  body. 

The  male  is  provided  with  glands  which  secrete  a 
gummy  substance  and  is  delivered  in  the  region  of 
the  caudal  pouch  and  literally  cements  the  pouch  to 
the  female  during  the  copulatory  act. 


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PARASITOLOGY.  121 

This  genus  has  three  species,  viz :  equinum,  eden- 
tatum,  and  vulgare.  They  are  usually  found  in  the 
cecum  and  first  portion  of  the  large  colon. 

Sclcrostomum  equinum. —  (Strongylus  armatus. 
Strongylus  neglectus).  This  is  the  largest  species  of 
strongylus  found  in  the  intestines  of  the  horse.  The 
male  measures  up  to  35  mm.  (one  and  one-half 
inches)  long  and  an  average  thickness  of  1.25  mm. 
while  the  female  measures  up  to  47  mm.  (nearly  two 
inches)  long  and  2.25  mm.  in  thickness.  See  figures 
2  and  3,  Plate  9.  Three  teeth  are  found  within  the 
mouth  'Capsule.  Th-e  teeth  have  rounded  termina- 
tions.    See  figures  1  and  -i,  Plate  9. 

Sclerostomum  edentatum. — Sclerostomum  equin- 
um). This  is  the  next  largest  species  of  strongylus 
under  consideration.  The  male  measures  up  to  26 
mm.  (one  inch)  long  and  1.5  mm.  thick.  The  female 
up  to  36  mm.  (one  and  one-half  inches)  long  and  2 
mm.  in  thickness.  The  head  is  distinctly  divided 
from  the  body.  The  mouth  is  cup-like  in  shape  and 
there  are  no  teeth-like  projections.  See  figure  6, 
Plate  9,  and  figure  9,  Plate  9. 

Sclerostomum  vulgare. — (Sclerostomum  armatum). 
The  male  measures  up  to  16  mm.  (two-thirds  of  an 
inch)  long  and  diameter  about  .75  mm.  while  the  fe- 
male measures  up  to  24  mm.  (one  inch)  in  length 
and  1  mm.  in  diameter.  The  mouth  is  slightly  cup- 
shaped  with  the  dorsal  aspect  more  convex  than  the 
ventral.     See  figures  14  and  19,  Plate  10. 

Genus   Triodontophorus. 
This  genus  is  provided  with  three  teeth  located  in 
the  floor  of  the  oral  capsule.     These  teeth  are  direct- 


122  PAR.\SIiOLOGY. 

ed  toward  the  opening  of  the  mouth.  The  genital 
opening  in  the  female  is  found  a  short  distance  from 
the  tip  of  the  tail.  The  body  is  thick  with  rather 
abrupt  narrowing  at  both  ends.  The  skin  is  rather 
thick  with  deep  transverse  markings.  Two  uteri  ex- 
tend forward  from  a  short  vagina. 

There  are  two  species  of  this  genus,  viz :  minor  and 
serratus. 

The  word  triodontophorus  comes  from  the  fact  that 
there  are  three  teeth  provided  in  the  oral  capsule. 

Triodontophorus  minor. — The  male  measures  up 
to  13  mm.  (one-half  inch)  long  and  about  .7  mm. 
thick  while  the  female  measures  up  to  14  mm. 
(two-thirds  of  an  inch)  long  and  .8  mm.  in  thick- 
ness. The  body  of  the  female  terminates  short  and 
blunt.  The  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  rather  large. 
This  worm  is  found  principally  in  the  last  portion  of 
the  colon.     See  figures  24a,  25  and  26,  Plate  10. 

Triodontophorus  serratus. — The  male  measures  up 
to  18  mm.  (three-fourths  of  an  inch)  long  and  about 
1  mm.  in  thickness  and  the  female  25  mm.  (one 
inch)  long  and  about  1  mm.  thick.  See  figure 
21,  Plate  10,  and  figures  22,  23  and  24,  Plate  10. 
The  worm  shown  in  figure  21  is  taken  from  a  throm- 
bus of  the  anterior  mesenteric  artery  of  an  eleven- 
months-old  colt.  It  is  casting  its  last  moult  having 
just  arrived  at  the  fully  developed  state.  It  is  a  male 
worm. 

The  Sclerostomum-Tetracanthum  Group. 
In  the  group  of  parasites  commonly  known  under 
the  name  of  Sclerostomum  tetracanthum  will  be  dis- 


PARASITOLOGY. 


123 


cussed  the   following  genera:     Cylichnostomum   and 
Gyalocephalus. 

Synonyms  for  this  group  are:  Sclerostomum 
tetracanthum  and  Strongylus  tetracanthus. 

Genus  Cylichnostomum. 

The  cylichnostomum  was  so  named  from  the  re- 
semblance of  its  mouth  parts  to  a  small  cup,  which 
the  word  means. 

The  general  form  of  the  body  is  stout.  The  tail 
of  the  female  is  slender  and  pointed.  The  body  has 
transverse  markings  in  the  skin.  The  male  is  pro- 
vided with  a  caudal  pouch  which  possesses  two  spicu- 
lae  of  equal  size  and  shape.  The  intestine  runs 
straight  through  the  body  and  is  usually  visible  to  the 
naked  eye  especially  after  clarification  of  the  speci- 
men. Looss  has  apparently  proven  that  the  function 
of  the  spiculae  is  one  of  copulation  as  he  has  observed, 
in  at  least  one  case,  the  spiculae  introduced  into  the 
inner  genitals  of  the  female  in  a  copulating  pair.  He 
has  also  observed  that  the  food  of  the  cylichnostomes 
is  a  colorless  crumbly  more  or  less  coarsely  granular 
substance  including  to  a  varying  extent  particles  of 
all  kinds  of  vegetable  debris,  pieces  of  straw,  starch 
granules  and  often  ova  and  infusoria.  Thus  it  will 
be  seen,  that  from  a  study  of  the  intestinal  contents 
there  may  be  some  doubt  as  to  whether  they  are  true 
blood  suckers.  The  writer  in  his  study  of  more  than 
300  specimens  has  noted  in  one  case  the  ingestion  of 
two  ova. 

These  worms  pass  through  their  larval  stage  in 
cysts  in  the  mucous  membrane  of   the  large   intes- 


124  PARASITOLOGY. 

tines.  In  making  a  collection  of  the  strongylus  for 
study  I  find  that  while  the  majority  of  worms  are 
found  close  to  the  mucous  memhrane  or  between  the 
fecal  matter  and  mucous  membrane  yet  some  are  in- 
corporated in  the  m^ass  of  partially  digested  material. 
The  following  species  of  this  genus  cylichnoisto- 
mum  have  been  studied  in  this  laboratory:  tetracan- 
thum,  labratum,  labiatum,  bicoronatum,  poculatum, 
calicatum,  alveolatum,  catinatum,  nassatum,  radiatunt 
and  elongatum. 

Cylichnostomitm  tetracanthum. — Length  of  male  9 
mm.  (one-third  of  an  inch),  thickness  .25  mm.  fe- 
male up  to  12  mm.  (one-half  inch)  long,  thickness  .5 
mm.  Lateral  head  papillae  not  prominent,  subme- 
dian  head  papilla  moderately  long.  Esophagus  short 
and    stout.      See    figures    31,    32    and   33,    Plate    11. 

Cylichnostomum  labratum. — Body  slender.  Length 
of  male  up  to  8  mm.,  female  9  mm.  Maximum  thick- 
ness of  male,  .25  mm.,  female  .33  mm.  Head 
separated  from  the  body  by  a  slight  construction. 
Papillae  same  as  in  C.  tetracanthum.  See  figures  45, 
46  and  47,  Plate  11. 

Cylichnostomum  labiatum. — Length  of  male  up  to 
9  mm.,  female  11  mm.  Thickness  of  male  up  to  .33 
mm.  and  female  .42  mm.  See  figures  27,  28,  29  and 
30,  Plate  10. 

Cylichnostomumr     bicoronatum. — Body     stout     and 


PARASITOLOGY.  125 

slightly  tapering  towards  the  extremities.  Length  of 
male  up  to  12  mm.,  female  up  to  14  mm.  Head  con- 
tinuous with  the  body.  Tail  of  female  appears  as 
though  it  was  cut  off  obliquely.  See  figures  37,  38 
and  39,  Plate  11,  and  43  and  44,  Plate  11. 

Cyliclinostomum  poculatum. — Body  delicate  and 
slender.  Length  of  male  up  to  8  mm.,  female  up  to 
10  mm.  Head  not  separate  from  the  body.  Esopha- 
gus long.  Lateral  head  papillae  prominent.  See  fig- 
ures 51,  52  and  53,  Plate  12. 

Cylichnostomum  calicatum. — A  very  small  worm. 
Body  delicate  and  slender.  Length  of  male  up  to  6 
mm.,  female  up  to  8  mm.  Head  slightly  narrowed, 
esophagus  short.    See  figures  60,  61  and  62,  Plate  12. 

Cylichnostomum  alveatum. — Length  of  male  10 
mm.,  female  13  mm.  Thickness  of  male,  .43  mm., 
female,  .6  mm.     See  figures  48,  49  and  50,  Plate  12. 

Cylichnostomum  catinatum. — Head  slightly  thick- 
ened, esophagus  short  and  thick.  Length  of  male  up 
to  8  mm.,  female  9  mm.  See  figures  54,  55  and  56, 
Plate  12. 

Cylichnostomum  nassatum. — Length  of  male  up  to 
10  mm.,  female  up  to  14  mm.  Thickness  of  male  up  to 
.3  mm.,  female  up  to  .7  mm.  Submedian  papillae 
moderately  long.    See  figures  34,  35  and  36,  Plate  11. 

Cylichnostomum  radiatum. — Length  of  the  male  up 
to  11  mm.,  female  up  to  14  mm.     Submedian  head 


126  PARASITOLOGY. 

papillae  longer  than  the  nassatum.  See  ngures  40, 
41  and  42,  Plate  11. 

Cylichwostomum  elongatunv. — Length  of  male  up  to 
13  mm.,  female  up  to  17  mm.  Lateral  head  papillae 
large.     See  figures  57,  58  and  59,  Plate  12. 

Gyalocephahis  capitatus. — ^Length  of  male  up  to 
7.5  mm.,  female  up  to  9.5  mm.  Body  rather  slender. 
Head  distinctly  separated  from  the  body.  See  figures 
11,  12  and  13,  Plate  9. 

A  chemical  study  of  the  strongyles  shows  their 
bodies  to  be  composed  of  the  following  substances: 
fats,  fatty  acids  consisting  chiefly  of  butyric  acid, 
soaps,  mucin,  albumoses,  purin  bases  and  creatin.  A 
ptomain,  a  crystalizable  alkaloid,  an  amino-acid  and 
an  amorphous  substance  containing  non-protein  nitro- 
gen and  phosphorus  which  gives  precipitating  reac- 
tions for  an  alkaloid.  The  cuticle  contains  a  protein 
like  substance  which  has  no  relation  to  chitin. 

An  alcoholic  extract  of  these  parasites  possesses 
strong  hemolytic  properties.  The  soaps,  fatty  acids, 
•crystalizable  alkaloids  and  ptomains  are  active  in  this 
hemolytic  process.  The  parasites  secrete  a  lipase 
capable  of  digesting  the  fat  contained  in  horse  serum. 

Characteristics  of  the  Strongyles. 

The  strongyles  draw  blood  by  aid  of  their  chitinous 
mouth-capsule.  This  capsule  is  buried  in  the  intes- 
tinal mucosa  and  in  some  cases  offers  quite  a  resist- 
ance to  traction  in  an  effort  to  remove  them. 

These  parasites  are  provided  with  neck  glands  and 
esophageal  glands.  The  latter  are  composed  of  large 
irregular  shaped  cells  and  the  body  of  the  gland  i-s 
imbedded  in  the  esophageal  muscles  as  illustrated  in 


PARASITOLOGY.  127 

the  plates.  These  glands  empty  into  the  esophagus 
and  the  secretion  in  all  probability  is  a  digestive  one. 

The  neck  glands  appear  as  two  large  spindle-shaped 
cells  located  within  the  perivisceral  cavity  of  the 
anterior  half  of  the  body,  and  united  with  the  so- 
called  bridge  of  the  excretory  system  by  two  longer 
or  shorter  peduncles  of  varying  calibre.  These  glands 
are  provided  with  excretory  ducts  which  empty  on 
the  margin  of  the  buccal  lips.  It  is  believed  that  this 
secretion  has  something  to  do  with  the  prevention  of 
the  ready  coagulation  of  the  blood  ingested  by  the 
worm.  It  has  been  found  by  experimentation  that 
these  glands  secrete  a  poisonous  substance  which  may 
interfere  with  the  general  health  of  the  infected 
horse,  ass  or  mule  causing  an  unthrifty  condition  as 
well  as  evidence  of  injury  by  a  production  of  an 
eosinophilia. 

As  a  rule  we  may  say  of  the  larger  species  of 
strongylus,  that  the  Sclerostomum  vulgare  are  found 
principally  in  the  cecum  and  at  times  the  colon.  The 
Sclerostomum  edentatum  and  S.  equinum  are  found 
principally  in  the  first  portion  of  the  colon.  The 
Triodontophorus  minor  is  found  principally  in  the 
thickened  end  of  the  terminal  portion  of  the  large 
colon.  The  triodontophorus  serratus  and  the  Cy- 
lichnostomes  are  found  scattered  throughout  the 
cecum  and  great  colon. 

The  loss  of  blood  caused  by  myriads  of  the  blood 
sucking  kind  amounts  to  considerable  and  yet  while 
nearlv  every  horse  harbors  a  greater  or  less  number 
of  the  various  species  here  described  but  few  ever 
show   any   inconvenience.     Just   to   what   extent   the 


128  PARASITOLOGY. 


Key  to  Letters 


A — Anus. 

B — ^Vulva. 

C — External    leaf    crown. 

D-^Internal   leaf   crown. 

E — Oesophageal    gland. 

F — Orifice  of  dorsal  gutter  of  mouth   capsul< 

G — Submedian     head    papillae. 

H — Ova. 

I — Mouth. 

J — Mouth  capsule. 

K — Mouth  collar. 

L — Oesophageal   funnel, 

M — Rays. 

N— Web. 

O — Moult. 

P — Dorsal  tooth   of  mouth   capsule. 

Q — Lateral   papillary   nerve. 

R — Dorsal   gutter  of  mouth  capsule. 

S — Lateral    head  papillae. 

T— Teeth. 

U — Spiculae. 


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PARASITOLOGY.  129 

animal  becomes  immunized  to  the  injurious  substances 
thrown  out,  some  of  which  is  undoubtedly  absorbed, 
is  an  important  q«estion  to  determine. 

Intestinal  Strongylosis. 

I  have  noted  the  great  activity  shown  by  the  wrig- 
gling Triodontophorus  and  S.  vulgare  when  the  colon 
is  opened  shortly  after  death  of  the  host.  These 
worms  often  appear  red  to  pink  in  color,  are  thus  very 
active,  no  doubt  the  most  active  bloodsuckers  of  all 
the  multitude  of  species  of  strongylus  that  may  infest 
the  large  intestines  of  the  horse.  I  have  known  in- 
festations with  the  smaller  varieties  in  young  horses 
where  a  fatal  hemorrhagic  enteritis  resulted.  The 
feces  were  blood  stained  and  each  discharge  from  the 
bowel  was  loaded  with  the  small  worms. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  intestinal  strongylosis 
may  result  in  diarrhea,  emaciation,  anemia,  colic  and 
death.  The  treatment  of  the  intestinal  infestation 
consists  of  two  drams  each  of  iron  sulphate  and  tartar 
emetic  given  on  an  empty  stomach  in  small  amount  of 
chop,  once  a  day  for  a  week.  This  is  followed  by  a 
brisk  aloetic  purge.  This  treatment  should  be  repeat- 
ed at  the  end  of  a  week.  The  colon  contents  is  so 
massive  and  the  distance  from  the  mouth  so  great 
that  the  desirable  results  are  sometimes  hard  to  attain. 

As  stated  before  thrombi  and  aneurisms  of  the 
aibdominal  blood  vessels,  and  especially  the  great 
mesenteric  artery,  are  common.  I  have  found  these 
thrombi  in  young  horses,  the  youngest  being  eleven 
months  old.  In  this  case  the  thrombus  had  formed  in 
one  of  the  large  branches  of  the  great  mesenteric 
artery  about  four  inches  from  its  origin.     The  vessel 


130  PARASITOLOGY. 

was  not  distended  and  the  coagulum,  was  slightly 
larger  than  a  pea  and  contained  three  worms.  One 
proved  to  be  a  Triodontophorus  serratus,  the  posterior 
extremity  of  which  is  illustrated  in  figure  21,  Plate  10. 
The  large  intestines  of  this  young  horse  contained 
only  two  species,  those  of  the  Triodontophorus  serra- 
tus and  the  Sclerostomum  vulgare.  All  other  worms 
examined  up  to  this  time  for  classification  from  throm- 
bi and  aneurisms  have  proven  to  be  the  Sclerostomum 
equinum.  (Strongylus  armatus.)  One  investigator 
has  ventured  the  opinion  that  this  latter  parasite  prob- 
ably passes  its  larval  stage  in  the  abdominal  blood 
vessels. 

Thrombosis  and  Embolism. 

In  those  vessels  containing  small  thrombi  and  which 
must  be  regarded  as  rather  recent  invasions  there  is 
noted  an  endarteritis  with  possibly  some  destruction 
of  the  endothelium.  Later  stages  show  atheromatous 
changes  and  in  old  aneurisms  even  areas  of  calcifica- 
tion. The  middle  coat  shows  hypertrophy  and  inflam- 
matory processes.  The  outer  coat  shows  connective 
tissue  proliferation. 

A  vessel  wall  thus  diseased  may  give  way  to  a  more 
or  less  extent  and  sacculation  occurs.  The  aneurism 
now  developed  may  ibe  saccular,  fusiform  or  cylin- 
droid.  On  the  inner  side  will  be  found  a  mass  of 
coagulum  adhering  closely  to  the  degenerating  vessel 
wall.  The  larvae  may  be  found  in  the  coagulum  with 
one  end  extending  out  into  the  blood  stream  or  lodged 
in  the  walls  between  the  coats  or  penetrating  partially 
protruding  on  either  side  of  the  vessel  wall. 


PARASITOLOGY.  131 

From  this  coagulum  there  may  break  loose  at  differ- 
ent times,  emboh  which  may  produce  more  or  less 
serious  results  depending  on  the  size  of  the  embolus 
and  the  location  of  the  embolism.  There  will  be 
ischemia  of  that  portion  of  the  intestine  to  which  the 
vessel  is  disturbed,  and  paralysis  of  that  portion  of 
the  digestive  tube.  The  secretions  are  suspended  and 
thrombi-embolic  colic  results. 

The  ischemic  portion,  at  first  pale,  now  becomes 
dark  red,  due  to  the  passive  congestion.  The  mucous 
membrane  appears  swollen  and  hemorrhagic  infarction 
occurs.  A  serous  exudate  may  be  present  and  the 
organ  appears  increased  in  size.  This  condition  fa- 
vors infection  from  the  .bowel  and  more  serious  results 
may  follow. 

Thrombo-Embolic  Colic. 

Fermentation  of  the  ingesta  of  this  now  paralyzed 
part  of  the  digestive  tube  may  take  place.  The  horse 
shows  colicky  pains,  lies  down  and  gets  up  frequently, 
perspires  first  in  spots  later  may  be  covered  with  per- 
spiration. If  rupture  of  the  aneurism  takes  place 
during  the  attack  of  colic  the  animal  will  be  noted  to 
sit  up  on  his  haunches,  knuckles  over  in  its  fetlocks. 
There  will  be  blanched  or  pale  visible  mucous  mem- 
branes. The  extremities  are  cold.  The  pulse  is  weak 
and  thready.  If  the  aneurism  be  located  in  the  pos- 
terior aorta  this  vessel  is  more  likely  to  rupture  be- 
cause of  the  high  blood  pressure  in  it. 

Bollinger  records  fifteen  ruptured  aneurisms  as  hav- 
ing taken  place  into  the  peritoneal  sac  and  three  into 
the  intestines. 


132  PARASITOLOGY. 

Additional  symptoms  noted  may  be  those  of  look- 
ing around  at  the  side,  pinched  facial  expression,  pass- 
ing a  few  hard  fecal  pellets  later  a  total  suppression 
of  passages.  The  animal  trembles  and  moves  its  hind 
feet  uneasily. 

Large  verminous  aneurisms  may  cause  frequent  at- 
tacks of  colic.  These  are  usually  brought  about  by 
embolism  in  the  small  branches  of  the  diseased  artery. 
If  the  collateral  circulation  takes  care  of  the  part  the 
animal  recovers.  If  slightly  more  severe  the  disease 
may  run  a  chronic  course,  indigestion  and  possibly 
constipation  alternated  with  diarrhea,  light  colicy  at- 
tacks, some  elevation  of  temperature,  capricious  appe- 
tite. This  condition  may  finally  terminate  in  recovery 
or  if  still  more  serious  marasmus,  cachexia  and  death. 

An  embolism  in  one  of  the  smaller  vessels  may  not 
prove  fatal  on  account  of  the  free  arterial  anastomosis. 
It  is  where  more  than  one  vessel  is  in  a  state  of  em- 
bolism or  larger  vessels  affected  that  fatal  thrombo- 
embolic colic  results.  As  an  illustration,  if  an  embolus 
should  lodge  at  the  trunk  of  the  large  faciculus  of  the 
great  mesenteric  artery  it  would  shut  off  the  blood 
supply  to  the  cecum  and  death  of  that  viscus  results, 
Or  if  the  embolus  should  lodge  in  the  first  branch  of 
the  great  mesenteric  artery  which  goes  to  the  floating 
colon  serious  results  would  follow. 

The  direct  cause  of  death  in  these  cases  is  probably 
due  to  intoxication  by  absorption  of  toxic  substances 
from  the  intestines,  from  infection  of  the  infarcted 
area,  from  cardiac  syncope  as  a  result  of  pain,  from 
absorption  of  poisonous  gases  from  the  bowel,  from 
nervous   shock   due   to   the  pain,    from   alteration   of 


Px\RASITOLOGY.  133 

blood  and  disturbance  to  the  circulation,  from  edema 
of  the  lungs  brought  about  by  continuous  compres- 
sion on  the  diaphragm  by  the  distended  bowels  or 
from  cerebral  or  pulmonary  apoplexy  induced  by  in- 
creased arterial  tension  due  to  pressure  of  the  dis- 
tended abdominal  viscera  on  the  larger  arteries. 

Bollinger  records  a  case  in  which  recovery  had  taken 
place  and  later  the  animal  came  to  autopsy.  He 
records  as  high  as  five  or  six  obliterated  arterioles  and 
venules  in  a  square  centimeter. 

There  is  a  possibility  that  the  larger  aneurisms  in- 
terfere to  some  extent  with  the  normal  blood  supply 
to  the  bowel  and  account  at  least  in  some  cases,  for 
chronic  digestive  troubles  so  frequently  found  among 
horses  of  all  ages  and  environments. 


At  least  a  part  of  the  larger  sclerostomes  pass  their 
larval  stage  in  small  tumors  in  the  wall  of  the  large  in- 
testines and  possibly  in  small  fecal  pellets.  These  tu- 
mors vary  in  size  according  to  the  age  of  the  larva  and 
may  attain  a  size  up  to  that  of  a  hazelnut.  These  are 
readily  observed  at  autopsy  as  they  push  out  the  mu- 
cosa as  well  as  the  serous  suface.  When  examined 
closely  especially  microscopically  it  will  be  noted  that 
they  may  contain  blood  coagulum  and  even  pus.  A 
local  eosinophil  ia  may  be  observed  as  well  as  hypere- 
mia. The  larva  merging  into  the  adult  stage  leaves 
the  tumor  to  be  found  free  in  the  intestinal  contents 
at  which  time  a  small  opening  may  be  observed  at  the 
summit  of  the  tumor. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  these  blood  sucking 
worms  in  the  intestinal  tract  wound  the  mucous  mem- 


134  PARi\SITOLOGY. 

brane  so  that  this  acts  as  a  portal  of  entry  of  many 
harmful  bacteria. 

The  author  has  recorded  three  cases  of  Sclerosto- 
mum  equinum  in  the  spermatic  arteries.  Two  of  these 
cases  were  from  cryptorchids  one  from  a  "straight" 
colt. 

From  the  adult  intestinal  form  the  ova  or  embryos 
pass  out  to  the  external  world  with  the  feces  where 
if  not  already  hatched  they  do  so  in  a  short  time  if 
climatic  conditions  are  favorable.  Damp  or  even  wet 
pastures  favor  this  intermediate  stage  and  parasitisms 
is  more  prevalent  in  horses,  asses  or  mules  pastured 
on  such  grounds.  Thus  contaminated  food  and  water 
serves  as  carriers  of  the  infection. 


Strongylus  Vasorum  (Vas — a  vessel). 
Distribution. — Reported  in  Europe. 

Description. — The  worm  is  thread-like  in  calibre  and 
white  or  pink  in  color;  the  mouth  is  nude;  the  male  is 
provided  with  a  short,  bilobate  caudal  pouch  and  two  long 
spiculae;  the  male  is  two-fifths  of  an  inch  in  length,  the 
female  one-half  inch. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Farts  Infested. — The  adult  infests  the  blood-vessels, 
especially  of  the  right  side  of  the  heart,  and  the  pulmon- 
ary artery;  the  larva  infests  the  lungs. 

Condition  Produced. — The  ovum  or  embryo  becomes 
lodged  in  the  small  arteries  of  the  lungs,  and  it  produces 
thrombosis.  Its  presence  also  causes  a  small  granule  or 
tubercle  to  form  in  the  lung  tissue;  in  the  center  of  the 
tubercle  is  found  the  ovum  or  embryo,  surrounded  by 
epithelial,  embryonic  and  giant  cells,  as  found  in  the 
tubercles  caused  by  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis. 

Symptoms. — Sudden  dyspnoea,  anemia,  emaciation  and 
oftentimes  cough.  Ova  or  embryos  may  be  expelled  by 
the  fits  of  coughing. 


PARASITOLOGY.  135 

ScLEROSTOMA  Hypostomum     (hypo — under,  stoma — mouth) 

Synojiyui. — Chabertia  ovina. 

Distribution.  —  Found  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe.     Not  very  common. 

Description.  —  The  body  is  thread-like,  white  in 
color  and  rigid ;  the  head  is  slightly  globular  ;  the 
mouth  parts  are  provided  with  a  double  row  of  mem- 
branous teeth;  the  head  is  surrounded  by  six  papillae; 
the  caudal  pouch  is  short  and  gives  the  male  a  cut 
off  appearance;  the  tail  of  the  female  terminates  in 
a  blunt  point.  The  male  is  three  fifths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  the  female  about  one  inch. 

Life  History.  Mode  of  Infestation.  —  The  female  is 
oviparous,  the  ova  pass  out  to  the  ground  with  the 
feces;  the  embryos  after  emerging  from  the  ova  go 
through  certain  changes  and  are  then  taken  in  by 
the  host  through  the  food  and  water.  Upon  reach- 
ing the  intestinal  tract  they  develop  into  the  mature 
form. 

Animals  Infested. — The  sheep  and  goat. 

Parts  Infested. — Small  and  large  intestines. 

Condition  Produced. — By  means  of  the  buccal  arm- 
ature they  hold  on  to  the  mucous  membrane  and  suck 
the  blood;  punctiform  hemorrhages  have  been  noted 
in  the  intestinal  mucosa ;  when  in  large  numbers 
they  cause  disturbance  in  digestion,  a  general  un- 
thrifty appearance,  diarrhoea,  emaciation,  anemia 
and  possibly  death.  These  wounds  often  furnish 
channels  through  which  infection  may  take  place. 

Treatmeiit. — Physic  and  gasoline  are  prescribed  as 
in  infestation  with  the  Strongylus  Contortus. 

( Dentos — toothed ) 
Stephanurus    Dentatus    (Stephanos — a    crown) 

(Oura — a  tail). 


136 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Synonym. — Sclerostoma  pinguicola.  Kidney  worm. 
Lard  worm. 

Distribution. — In  the  United  States  found  espec- 
ially in  southern  hogs,  especially  in  the  States  of 
Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Ten- 
nessee. Rare  in  the  Northern  and  Western  States. 
Also  found  in  Brazil  and  Australia. 

Description.  —  The  body  is 
slightly  larger  than  a  knitting 
needle;  the  outer  integument  is 
transparent;  the  dark  intestinal 
tract  shows  through  the  integu- 
ment, which  gives  the  worm  a 
mottled  appearance.  Both 
caudal  and  cephalic  extremities 
present  a  blunt  appearance;  the 
head  part  is  provided  with  six 
papillae;  the  tail  of  the  male  is 
provided  with  a  caudal  pouch; 
the  male  is  one  to  one  and  one- 
fourth  inches  long,  the  female 
one  and  one-fourth  to  one  and  one-half  inches. 
Animal  Infested. — The  hog. 

Parts  hifested. — It  infests  the  fat  in  the  sublumbar 
region. 

Condition  Produced. — Small  abscesses  varying  in 
size  to  a  pigeon's  ^ZZ  are  found  in  the  fat  in  the 
sublumbar  region  ;  when  these  abscesses  are  cut 
open  the  center  is  found  to  contain  a  small  amount 
of  purulent  material  and  usually  a  male  and  female 
sometimes  three  or  four  worms;  the  worms  rarely 
invade  the  kidney ;  occasionally  they  may  be  found 
in  the  pelvis  of  that  organ.     They  may  invade  the 


Fig.   47- 

Stephanurus  Dentatus 

a,  Male. 

b,  Female. 

c,  Caudal  extremity. 

d,  Cephalic  extremity. 


PARASITOLOGY.  137 

psoae  muscles  and  lymph  glands  in  various  parts  of 
the  abdominal  cavity ;  they  have  also  been  observed 
in  the  liver ;  thus  multiple  abscesses  are  sometimes 
observed  in  advanced  cases. 

Syngamus  Trachealis  (Syn — with;  Trachea.) 
(Gamus — Marriage) . 

Synonyms. — Gap    worm.      Sclerostoma   Trachealis. 
The  syngamus  bronchialis  is  found  in  palmipeds. 

Distribittion. — Found  widely  distributed  through- 
out the  United  States. 

Description. — The  head  is  provided  with  capsule- 
like rings  in  the  center  of  which  are  placed  six  lancet- 
like teeth;  the  male  is  small,  only  one-fourth  to  one- 
third  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  is  provided  with  a 
caudal  pouch;  the  female  is  about  one  inch  in  length; 
the  tail  teminates  in  a  blunt  point ;  the  vulva  is 
located  in  the  anterior  third;  the  male  clasps  the 
female  firmly  during  the  act  of  copulation  and  does 
not  release  its  hold  even  after  it  is  removed  from 
the  host ;  this  gives  the  specimen  a  forked  appear- 
ance ;  the  small  one  the  male,  the  large  one  the 
female. 

Life  Cycle. — Upon  death  and  decomposition  of  the 
gap  worm  the  ova  are  liberated  in  water  or  moist 
places,  and  the  embryos  develop  into  minute  hair-like 
worms.  The  bird  becomes  infested  through  the  food 
or  water.  It  has  also  been  claimed  that  earth  worms 
act  as  an  intermediate  host.  The  larva  migrate 
through  the  abdommal  air  sacs  to  the  bronchi,  where 
they  develop  to  full  size. 


138  PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals  Infested. — Principally  young  chickens,  tur- 
keys, pea  fowls  and  wild  game. 
Parts  Infested. — The  trachea. 
Disease  Produced. — ^Gapes,  syngamosis. 

Symptoms. — The  worms,  finding  their  way  to  the 
trachea,  attach  themselves  to  the  mucous  membrane 
by  means  of  their  buccal  apparatus,  and  by  means  of 
the  six  teeth  they  wound  the  mucous  membrane  and 
suck  the  blood;  the  bird  is  noticed  to  open  its  mouth 
frequently  and  gasp  for  air  on  account  of  the  partial 
occlusion  of  the  air  passage  by  the  worms;  wheez- 
ing and  coughing  are  also  noted.  Often  the  worms 
may  be  expelled  during  a  severe  fit  of  coughing ; 
the  bird  has  a  loss  ot  appetite,  appears  dull  and 
stands  around  with  drooping  wings  ;  finally  when  the 
worms  form  sufficient  bulk  to  occlude  the  lumen 
of  the  trachea  the  animal,  in  its  death  struggle,  is 
observed  to  throw  its  head  over  the  back  and,  gasp- 
ing, dies  of  asphyxiation. 

Prophylaxis. — Moisture  is  necessary  for  the  devel- 
opment of  the  larva;  if  birds  be  kept  on  a  board 
floor  until  they  are  half  grown  the  greatest  danger 
will  be  eliminated;  the  floors  and  runs  should  be 
frequently  sprinkled  with  a  1%  solution  of  creolin  or 
carbolic  acid.  The  drinking  and  feeding  dishes 
should  be  cleansed  occasionally  with  antiseptic  solu- 
tion.    The  dead  carcasses  should  be  burned. 

Treatment. — A  horse-hair  doubled  several  times, 
forming  a  loop,  is  often  thrust  down  the  bird's  throat, 
twisted  several  time  and  withdrawn  ;  the  worms  in 
this  way  are  removed. 


PARASITOLOGY.  139 

Oesophagostoma  Inflatum  (Stoma— mouth  ;  Inflated). 
Distribution.— YoViXid.  in  the  middle  west  and  south. 
Description.— "^^i^    worm  is    thread- 
like in  calibre  and  white  in  color  ;   the 
cephalic  extremity  is  crooked,  which 
gives   the  worm  the  appearance  of  a 
cane ;    the  mouth  is  circular  and  pro- 
vided with  six  prominent  papillae  ;  the 
Fig.  48  anterior  extremity  of  the  worm  is  pro- 

""Tp^"™""  vided  with  a  transparent,  globe  shaped 
a,'Maie.  apparatus ;    this   is    followed  by   two 

c;?eThaHc  ex-  lateral   wings;  the  male   is   provided 
tremity.  with  a  wcll  developed  caudal  pouch, 

tremity.^"'^''^  ^^  which  givcs  the  worm  a  cut-ofif  appear- 
ance ;  it  is  provided  with  two  long  spicu- 
lae;  the  tail  of  the  female  terminates  in  a  sharp 
point;  the  male  is  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
the  female  one  inch. 

Life  Cycle.— The  ova  find  their  way  to  the  ground 
through  the  feces;  the  animal  becom.es  infested 
through  the  food  or  water  that  is  contaminated  by 
by  the  ova  or  embryo.  Upon  reaching  the  intestinal 
tract  the  embryos  embed  themselves  in  the  muc- 
ous membrane,  forming  a  cyst,  where  they  proceed 
with  their  development;  they  reach  maturity  only  in 
the  intestinal  tract. 

A7iinials  Infested.— ^2X\\e. 
Parts  /;^/^J/^^.— Small  and  large  intestines. 
Symptoms.  Condition  Produced.— Oi\.exi\:mie^  cysts 
in  the  mucous  membrane  are  so  numerous  as  to 
thoroughly  stud  the  surface  of  both  small  and  large 
intestines;  this  interferes  with  digestion  and  absorp- 
tion and  is  a  source  of  irritation.;  the  adults  in  the 


140 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.   49— Oesophagostoma  Inflatum.    (Cephalic  extremity). 
Photomicrograph,  1x1%. 

a,  Mouth  with  papillae  c.  Lateral  membranous  wings 

b,  Globe  shaped  inflation.  d,  .\nterior  part  of  body. 


I 


Fig.  50— Oesophagostoma  Inflatum     Caudal  extremity  of  male. 

Photomicrograph,  1  x  %. 

a,  Caudal  pouch.  b,  Spiculae.        c.  Posterior  part  of  body, 


PARASITOLOGY. 


141 


intestinal  tract  are  blood  suckers ;  they  wound  the 
mucous  membrane  and  suck  the  blood;  this  adds  to 
the  irritation  and  produces  anemia;  the  symptoms  as 
noted  are  diarrhoea,  thirst,  loss  of  appetite,  unthrifty 
coat,  anemia  and  possibly  death. 

Treatment .—yi2,XYy  drug's  have  been  tried  with 
more  or  less  good  results ;  areca  nut,  santonin,  ka- 
mala,  etc.     Good  results  will  be  obtained  by  fasting- 


Fig.  51— Oesophagostoma  Inflatum.    Caudal  extremity,  female 

a,  Sharp  terminal  point.  b.  Anus. 

Photomicrograph,  1  x  % 

the  animal  for  24  hours,  then  give  one  and  one-half 
pounds  of  salts  followed  by  from  two  to  six  ounces 
of  gasoline;  calves  must  receive  a  proportionately 
smaller  dose;  for  large  bunches  of  cattle  sulphate  of 
iron  and  salt  kept  constantly  before  the  animals  wil) 
be  effectual  in  destroying  many  of  the  worms.     By 


142  PARASITOLOGY. 

constantly  taking  the  sulphate  of  iron  into  the 
intestinal  tract  it  will  create  an  unfavorable  place  for 
the  development  and  life  of  the  worm. 

Oesophagostoma  Columbianum  (Columbia). 
Syjionym. — Oesophagostome  of  Columbia. 
Distribution. — Found    commonly    in    the    United 
States.     First  discovered  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
Description. — The  worm  is    thread- 
like in  calibre,  white  in  color,  slightly 
tapering  anteriorly;  the  mouth  is  circu- 
lar and  provided  with  a  double  row  of 
teeth  arranged  in  a  crown -like  form; 
Fig.  52-  the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  saucer- 

Oesophagostoma  shaped ;  the  tail  of  the  female  termin- 

Columbianum  .  -  ,  .  .1  1 

a^  Male.  ^tcs  lu  a  rather  sharp  pomt ;  the  male 

b,  Female.  mcasurcs   about  three    fourths  of  an 

inch  in  length,  the  female  about  oneinch. 
Life  Cycle. — The  ovigerous  female  lays  its  eggs  in 
the  intestinal  tract,  which  find  their  way  to  the  ex- 
ternal world  with  the  feces ;  the  embryos  are  taken 
up  by  the  host  through  the  contaminated  food  and 
water;  upon  reaching  the  intestinal  tract  they  pene- 
trate the  mucous  membrane  and  produce  nodules 
which  are  irregular  in  outline  and  vary  in  size  up  to 
a  pea ;  these  nodules  are  found  in  both  small  and 
large  intestines;  often  in  badly  infested  cases  em- 
bryos are  noted  to  invade  the  mesentery  and  mes- 
enteric lymph  glands  and  liver.  The  tumor,  smaller 
in  size  than  a  pin-head,  contains  a  cyst  in  which  is 
found  a  growing  embryo  coiled  in  a  ring-like  shape, 
floating  in  a  colorless  fluid ;  in  the  second  stage  the 
embryo  is   still  in  the  cyst  but  a  small  quantity  of 


Plate  XIIL 


ir««.    1     Heifer     infested     with  lung      worms      and      liv.ii 
Fig.  1— Heifer  ^mie^^^^^   emaciation  and  edema. 


Pig.  2 — Oi-sopliagostoma       C«- 
lumbianum. 

(Cephalic    extremity). 

a,  Oral  cavity. 

b,  Oesophagus. 

c,  Papillae. 


Pig.  3 — Oesopliagostoma 

lumbianum.  ^         ^    ^ 

(Caudal   extremity  of  male) 

a.  Rib   of  caudal   pouch. 

b.  Web. 

c.  Spiculae. 


Co-        FiS'  4— Oesophaejostoma 


Co_ 


(Caudal     extremity     of     fe- 
male). 

a,  Vulva. 

b,  Anus, 


PARASITOLOGY. 


143 


greenish,  cheesy  pus  has  accumulated  around  it ;  in 
nodules  larger  than  a  pin-head  the  entire  contents 
are  a  cheesy  mass  ;  the  cyst  wall  is  ruptured  and  the 
worm  is  found  free,  wandering  within  the  capsule ; 
in  the  larger  nodules  the  cheesy  material  is  quite 
hard  except  at  the  side  where  the  worm  is  found. 
Nearing  maturity  the  worm  leaves  the  nodule  and 
becomes  sexually  mature  only  in  the  intestinal  tract; 
the  nodule  now  gradually  shrinks  in  size  until  it  is 
quite  small  and  filled  with  earthy  material. 
Animals  l7ifested—T\iQ  sheep,  goat  and  ox. 


rig.  5  3— Nodular  Disease. 

a,  Nodule  caused  by  larva  of  Oesophatjostome  of  Columbia. 

b,  Section  of  small  Intestine. 

Parts  Lifested.—^moW  and  large  intestines. 

Disease  Produced.— ^o&a\2iV  disease. 

Condition  Produced.— ^o^\x\dCC  disease  is  common 
in  native  but  seldom  if  ever  found  in  range  sheep. 
In  badly  infested  cases  the  entire  intestinal  canal 
may  be  thorougly  studded  with  the  nodules,  which 
are  irregular  in  outline  and  push  the  serous  coat  out; 
the  nodule  lies  under  the  serous  covering  of  the 
bowel  and  can  be  readily  told  from  the  tubercle  pro- 
duced by  the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis  by  the  fact  that 
the  latter  is  smooth,  and  that  in  tuberculosis  the 
lymph    glands  adjacent  to  the  affected  part  will  be 


144  PARASITOLOGY. 

tuberculous;  in  the  infested  sheep  that  are  slaught- 
ered the  gut  is  rendered  unfit  for  casings,  by  the 
disease. 

Symptojns. — This  form  of  oesophagostomiasis  is  not 
so  fatal  as  that  caused  by  the  oesophagostoma 
inflatum;  the  fleece  may  appear  dry ;  it  may  be  the 
cause  of  partial  loss  of  the  wool  crop.  There  may 
be  diarrhoea,  general  debility,  anemia,  sunken  eyes, 
emaciation  and  death. 

In  cattle  it  does  not  prove  serious  in  the  United 
States.  Only  a  few  nodules  are  found  when  these 
animals  are  infested;  these  nodules  are  usually  con- 
fined to  the  small  intestines. 

Ti^eaiment. — To  destroy  the  adult  worm  in  the 
intestinal  tract,  the  same  treatment  is  advised  as  in 
the  Strongylus  Contortus  ;  salt  and  sulphate  of  iron 
constantly  before  them  will  also  prove  beneficial. 

Oesophagostoma  Dentatum.  (Dentis — tooth). 

Synojiyin. — Oesophagostoma  Subulatum. 

Distribution.  —  Occasionally  found  in  the  United 
States. 

Description. — The  body  is  small  in  calibre  and 
white  or  grayish-brown  in  color;  the  worm  slightly 
tapering  anteriorly;  the  mouth  is  circular  and  pro- 
vided with  six  papillae ;  the  head  is  followed  by  a 
constriction.  The  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  is  short; 
the  tail  of  the  female  terminates  in  a  rather  sharp 
point ;  the  male  is  one-third  to  one-half  inch  long ; 
the  female  is  one-half  to  three-fourths  inch. 

Animal  Infested. — The  hog. 

Parts  Infested. — The  caecum  and  colon;  the  writer 
has  found  them  in  the  kidney  once;  they  have  also 
been  reported  once  in  the  liver. 


H  PARASITOLOGY.  145 

Sy)?iptcv?is.  —  If  only  a  few  worms  are  found  no  se- 
rious results  are  noted;  if  infested  in 
z/   I  great  numbers   they  produce   gradual 

/  anemia  as  a  result  of  the  loss  of  blood  ; 

p.     g^_^  irregularities  in  digestion,  diarrhoea, 

Oesophagostoma  unthriftiness,    emaciation    and    finally 
Dentatum.  death.     In  some  cases  of  infested  hogs 

a,  Male. 

b,  Female.  whcu   the   colou   is    Opened  the    con- 

tents are  fairly  alive  wnth  the  wriggling 
myriads  of  the  Oesophagostoma  Dentatum;  a  posi- 
tive diagnosis  is  finding  the  ova  and  worms  in  the 
feces. 

Treatment. — Fast  the  hog  for  twenty-four  hours ; 
then  give  areca  nut  and  santonin  the  same  as  for  the 
Ascaris  Suilla. 

Uncinaria  Radiata.     (Uncinatus — hooked) 
( Radiatus — rad  iate) . 

Syno7iyi7i. — Hook  worm. 

Distribution. — Found  in  various  parts  of  the  U\iit**4 
States.     Common  in  certain  parts  of  Texas. 

Description. — The  worm  is  the  size       o 
of  a  large  thread  in  calibre  and  white  \ 

in  color ;  the  caudal  pouch  of  the  male  L 

causes  that  extremity  to  appear  blunt ;  \ 

the  tail  of  the  female  terminates  in  a 
rather  sharp  point ;  the    mouth   parts 
are  provided  with  booklets  with  which  ^'^  inarIa 
it  holds  on  to  the  mucous  membrane ;  radiata 
the  male  is  about  three-fourths  of  an     J'  ^J;^^^' , 

b,  Female. 

inch  long,  the  female  about  one  inch.       d.Caudai  extrem- 
ity. 
Animal  Infested. — The  ox.  ^  Cephalic    ex- 

Parts  Infested.— ^moXl  intestines.         tremity. 
Conditions  Produced. — Causes  uncinariosis  in   cat- 


146  PARASITOLOGY. 

tie;  they  are  blood  suckers  of  the  worst  type,  and 
myriads  robbing  the  host  of  blood  cause  an  un" 
thrifty  condition;  in  calves  they  cause  a  stunted 
growth ;  later  anemia,  emaciation  and  possibly  death. 

Treatment. — The  same  as  for  the  Strongylus  Con- 
tortus. 

Uncinaria  Cernua.     (Cernuus — bent  down). 

Synonyms. — Hook  worm.      Dochmius  Cernua. 

Distrib2ition.  —  Frequently  found  in  Southern 
United  States. 

Description. — A  thread-like  worm,  yellowish  white 
in  color ;  the  body  is  rigid  and  attenuated  at  both 
ends;  the  mouth  is  circular  and  provided  with  four 
hook-like  teeth;  the  buccal  cavity  is  ovoid  in  shape; 
the  male  is  one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
the  female  one  inch. 

Life  History.  —  The  ova,  reaching  water  or  moist 
earth,  hatch  into  the  embryonic  state ;  if  conditions 
are  favorable  they  moult  in  three  days;  in  five  days 
they  moult  the  second  time  ;  when  taken  into  the 
intestinal  tract  at  this  time  they  invade  the  mucous 
membrane  (if  not  taken  in  at  this  stage  they  will 
perish  in  about  four  weeks)  ;  they  now  fasten  them- 
selves to  the  mucous  membrane  and  develop  into 
the  mature  worm  in  about  fifteen  days;  during  this 
time  they  moult  twice. 

Aniriials  hifested. — The  sheep  and  goat. 

Parts  Infested.  —  Small  and  frequently  the  large 
intestines. 

Mode  of  hifestation.  —  Like  other  worms  of  the 
family  Strongylidae,  the  pools  of  water,  ponds, 
pastures  and  other  food  become  contaminated  by 
feces  from  infested  sheep,  laden  with  the  ova;  here 


PARASITOLOGY.  147 

under  favorable  conditions  the  larval  form  develops; 
thus  the  sheep  become  infested  through  food  and 
water;  the  embryo  may  be  carried  by  small  streams 
of  water  and  thus  spread  contagion. 

Conditions  Produced. — Seldom  cause  serious  results, 
but  if  found  in  large  numbers  they  may  cause  con- 
ditions similar  to  those  caused  by  the  Strongylus 
Contortus,  such  as  unthrifty  coat,  partial  loss  in  wool 
crop,  diarrhoea,  anemia,  and  if  in  sufficient  numbers 
emaciation  and  death. 

Treatment.  —  The  same  as  for  the  Strongylus 
Contortus. 

Uncinaria  Canina   (Canis — dog). 

Synonyms. — Uncinaria  Trigonocephala.  Dochmius 
Trigonocephala.     Anchylostoma  Trigonocephala. 

Distribution. — Common  in  the  United  States,  also 
found  in  Europe. 

Description.— \\,  has  a  thread-like  body,  white  in 
color;  a  large  buccal  cavity  ;  the  mouth  is  provided 
with  six  hook-like  teeth  ;  by  means  of  these  booklets 
it  holds  firmly  to  the  mucous  membrane  and  aided 
by  its  strong  muscular  oesophagus  draws  blood; 
they  are  still  found  attached  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane after  death  of  the  dog;  the  tail  of  the  male 
has  a  well  developed  caudal  pouch ;  the  tail  of  the 
female  terminates  in  a  sharp  point ;  the  male  is  about 
one-half  inch  long,  the  female  three-fourths  inch. 

Life  History. — Same  as  the  other  species  of  the 
Uncinaria.  The  methods  of  infestation  aie  the  same. 

A?ii7nals  Infested.— The  dog,  cat,  and  fox. 

Parts  Infested.—SmoW  and  large  intestines. 

Symi)toms —Vncindirio^is  among  the  dogs  is  very 
common ;  it  is  more  fatal  among  puppies  than  older 


148 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


56_Uncinaria  Canina,  natural  size. 

a,  Male. 

b,  Female. 

57-Caudal  extremity  of  the  male,  magnified  350  diameters, 

a,  Spiculae. 

b,  Ribs  of  caudal  pouch. 

c,  Web  of  caudal  pouch. 

d,  Posterior  part  of  body. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


149 


Fig.    5Sa. 
Unoinaria   Canina. 

Fig'.  58a. — S'ection  of  body 
of  female,  magnified  lOO 
diameters,  showing  the  ova 
to  liave  formed  in  worm, 
not  to  excede  five  weeks 
old. 


-   ci 


ris.58 — Cephali*   Extremity;    Uncinaria    Canina. 

Fig.    o8b.  ^^      ,  , 

a,     ovum,     b,     intestine.  f'   Hooklet. 

Fig.    58b.— Caudal      extre-  b.    Buccal     cavity, 

mity,    of    the    female,    mag-  c,   Oesophagus. 

nified    100    diameters. 


d.   First    part   of    intestine. 


150  PARASITOLOGY. 

dogfs  ;  the  worms,  when  occurring  in  large  numbers, 
cause  derangement  of  digestion,  dullness  and  indif- 
ference ;  the  young  pup  may  whine  or  cry ;  tympani- 
tes, and  in  some  cases  diarrhoea ;  there  is  loss  of 
appetite,  nervousness  and  in  some  cases  nausea ; 
later  anemia  and  emaciation  is  noted  and  the  animal 
succumbs  to  the  disease. 

Treatment.  —  Santonin  and  areca  nut  prove  the 
most  effectual  parasiticides.  The  areca  nut  is  an 
irritant  to  the  bowels  and  acts  as  a  vermifuge  or 
purge.  The  following  combination  gives  good 
results  in  ridding  the  bowel  of  these  worms. 

^     Powdered  areca  nut 5  iii 

Crystal  santonin gr  xx 

Syrup  ad.  q.  s S  iv 

Mix.  Sig. — Give  two  to  three  drams  at  a  dose.  Re- 
peat dose  in  five  days.    Thymol  is  also  useful. 

Uncinaria  Stenocephala  (Stenos — narrow). 

(Cephale — head). 

Synonyms. — Dochmius  Stenocephala,  Anchylos- 
toma  Stenocephala. 

Distribution. — Not  common  in  the  United  States, 
more  common  in  Europe. 

Description, — The  body  is  thinner  than  the  Uncin- 
aria Canina ;  the  head  is  narrow ;  the  caudal  pouch 
is  trilobate ;  on  each  side  of  the  ventral  wall  of  the 
buccal  cavity  is  a  booklet ;  the  tail  of  the  female 
terminates  in  a  rather  sharp  point ;  the  male  is  about 
one-third  to  one  inch  long ;  the  fem.ale  three-fourths 
inch. 

The  life  history,  symptoms,  and  treatment  are  the 
same  as  for  the  Uncinaria  Canina. 


PARASITOLOGY.  15  i 


TRICHOTRACHELIDAE. 

The  family  Trichotrachelidae  includes  a  group  of 
blood  sucking:  worms,  provided  with  a  nude  head; 
in  the  adult  state  they  infest  the  intestinal  tract. 

(Trix— a  hair) 
Trichocephalus  Depressiusculus  fCephale— head) 

(Depressus  depress) 
Syno7iym. — Whip  worm. 

Distribution.  —  Found  occasionally  in  the  United 
States,  also  in  Europe. 

Description. — This  worm  in  shape  resembles  the 
old  fashioned  *' black  snake"  whip;  the  posterior 
part  of  the  body  is  about  the  calibre  of  a  thread;  the 
anterior  two-thirds  is  attenuated,  resembling  a  hair; 
it  is  white  in  color;  its  mouth  is  nude;  the  large  part 
of  the  body  of  the  male  forms  a  coil ;  the  correspond- 
ing part  of  the  female  is  straight  or  slightly  curved ; 
the  male  is  provided  with  a  spicula;  the  vulva  of  the 
female  is  located  in  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  large  part  of  the 
body ;  the  male  measures  from 
one  to  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
in  length;  the  female  from  one  and 
one-fourth  to  one  and  one-half 
Fig.  59—  inches. 

'sit°c"u3.""  °''""        i^ile  History.-the  ova,  placed 

1,  Female.  in  water  and  kept  at  a  warm  tem- 

iceth'aiic  extremity,     perature   will  hatch  and  develop 

b,  Caudal         "  complete  embryos  in  from  four  to 

five  months ;    if  these  be  fed  to 

dogs  they   develop    to    the  adult   stage;  drying    or 

desiccation  of  the  eggs  or  embryos  stops  their  de- 


152  PARASITOLOGY. 

velopment,  but  upon  again  being  placed  in  moist  sur- 
roundings, they  will  revivify  and  complete  this  phase 
of  their  life  cycle,  providing  the  desiccation  has  not 
been  for  too  long  a  period. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Part  Infested.— The  caecum. 

Symptoms. — They  hold  firmly  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  caecum  and  suck  blood ;  specimens  of 
the  bowel  prepared  for  the  museum  still  contain  the 
worms,  though  dead,  tightly  holding  on  to  the  mu- 
cous membrane. 

Conditions  Produced. — If  the  animal  is  infested  by 
large  numbers  it  may  show  a  progressive  anemia 
and  gradual  emaciation;  a  derangement  of  digestion, 
diarrhoea  and  possibly  death  of  the  host. 

Treatment. — The  same  as  for  the  Uncinaria  Canina. 

(Affinis — marriage) 
Trichocephalus  Affinis  (Trix — hair) 

(Cephale — head) 

Synonym. — Trichuris  affinis. 

Distribution. — Found  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe. 

Description. — Its  body  and  general  appearance  re- 
sembles the  Trichocephalus  Depressiusculus ;  the 
large  part  of  the  body  of  the  male  is  tightly  coiled ; 
the  body  of  the  female  is  straight;  the  tail  terminates 
very  bluntly  ;  the  head  is  provided  with  two  vesicu- 
lar lobes;  the  hair-like  portion  contains  the  oesoph- 
agus and  a  portion  of  the  intestine  ;  the  large  portion 
the  intestine  and  reproductive  organs;  the  male 
measures  from  one  to  two  inches,  in  length;  the 
female  one  and  one-half  to  two  and  one-half  inches. 
The  only  difference  between  those  of  sheep  and 
those  of  cattle  is  the  length. 


PARASITOLOGY.  153 

Animals  Infested.—ThQOTL,  sheep,  and  goat. 

Parts  Infested.  — The  colon  and 
^^  (c^         caecum. 

Condition  Produced.  —  The  em- 
bryos, upon  being"  taken  into  the 
digestive  tract  of  the  host,  have 
been  observed  to  reach  maturity 
in  two  to  three  weeks  ;  they  hold 
TrTchocephalusAffin.s  firmly  to  the  mucous  membrane 
Sheep  and  suck  blood  ;  only  a  few  have 

2  M^Te^^^  ^^^^  noted   in  infested   animals 

a,  Cephalic  extremity,     and  uo  serious  rcsults  have  been 

b,  Caudal  extremity.       ^^^^^^^^  -^^  ^his  COUUtry. 

Trichocephalus  Crenatus  (Crena— notch). 

Sy7io7iyms.—VJh\p  y^orm]  Trichocephalus  Dispar. 

Distribution.  —  Occasionally  found  in  the  United 
States. 

Description.— In  shape  and  appearance  the  male  and 
female  resemble  the  Trichocephalus  Ai^nis  of  sheep  ; 
the  male  measures  one  to  one  and  one-quarter  inches 
long,  the  female  one  and  one-half  inches. 

Animals  I^ifested.—The  pig. 

Parts  htfested.—The  small  intestines. 

Conditions  Produced.  —  They  are  found  firmly 
attached  to  the  mucous  membrane.  When  only  a 
few  are  present  no  serious  results  occur ;  when  myr- 
iads are  present  they  cause  diarrhoea,  indigestion  and 
an  unthrifty  condition. 

Trichina  Spiralis  (Trix— hair;  spira— coil). 

Synonym. — Trichonella  spiralis. 

Distribution— Common  in  United  States  and  many 
European  countries.  Trichina  was  first  discovered 
by  Peacock  in  1828,  in  England.    Found  in  about  one 


154  PARASITOLOGY. 

and  one-half  percent  of  the  hogs  in  the  United  States. 

Description. — The  adult  worm  is  capillary  in  size 
and  one-twelfth  inch  in  length ;  the  larva  is  one- 
twenty-fifth  inch  in  length ;  the  female  is  ovovivipa- 
rous ;  the  ova  undergo  complete  development  in  the 
uterus  and  hatch  in  the  external  genital  organs  and 
then  escape;  the  larvae  become  encysted  in  lemon 
shaped  cysts  which  appear  as  very  minute  white 
specks,  scarcely  visible  to  the  unaided  eye  ;  a  micro- 
scopic examination  is  necessary  to  make  a  diagnosis. 

Life  History.  —  When  meat  containing  the  live 
encysted  larva  is  eaten  by  animals,  in  from  eighteen 
to  twenty  hours  the  meat  surrounding  the  cyst  and 
cyst  capsule  is  digested ;  the  larva  thus  liberated 
develops  into  mature  form  in  from  three  to  four  days; 
frequently  on  the  third  day  the  ovary  shows  ova  in 
process  of  segmentation ;  ovulation  commences 
about  the  sixth  or  seventh  day  ;  this  period  lasts  five 
to  six  weeks,  during  which  time  as  many  as  two 
thousand  embryos  may  be  produced  by  each  female; 
as  soon  as  laid  the  embryos  pass  through  the  stomach 
or  intestinal  wall  and  migrate  to  various  parts  of  the 
body;  they  may  burrow  directly  through  the  tissues 
or  they  may  enter  the  blood  and  be  carried  by  the 
blood  current,  or  the  lymph  vessel  and  be  carried  by 
the  lymph  stream  ;  at  the  end  of  eight  or  ten  days 
the  embryo  reaches  a  resting  place  and  coils  in  a 
kind  of  loop,  then  in  a  figure  three  shape,  finally  in  a 
coil  of  about  one  and  one-half  turns.  As  a  result  of 
the  irritation  in  the  elements  of  the  surrounding  tis- 
sue there  is  produced  a  cyst  enclosing  the  embryo; 
the  embryo  soon  arrives  at  the  fully  developed  larval 
state ;  the  cyst  is  usually  lemon  shaped,  although  it 


PARASITOLOGY.  155 

may  appear  nearly  round ;  the  long-  axis  is  parallel 
with  the  muscle  fiber  ;  the  cyst  usually  contains  only 
one  larva  although  as  many  as  seven  have  been  ob- 
served ;  in  this  cyst  the  parasite  remains  dormant  until 
the  animal  is  killed  and  the  meat  is  eaten,  or  if  not 
slaughtered  for  several  months  the  cyst  will  undergo 
degeneration.  Two  kinds  of  degeneration  are  noted, 
fatty  and  calcareous  ;  in  a  few  months  the  cysts  are 
usually  observed  to  commence  fatty  degeneration; 
first  there  are  noted  a  few  fat  globules  at  the  polls  ; 
these  gradually  increase  and  the  fat  is  set  free  and 
invades  the  whole  cyst ;  at  about  the  seventh  month 
lime  salts  (carbonate  and  phosphate)  begin  to  ap- 
pear; calcification  is  usually  complete  about  the 
twentieth  month;  during  this  process  the  cyst  gradu- 
ally becomes  opaque  until  the  outline  of  the  larva 
can  scarcely  be  seen.  Birds  prove  unfavorable  sub- 
jects for  muscular  trichinosis;  they,  however,  de- 
velop the  intestinal  form. 

Animals  Infested, — Man,  hog,  dog,  rat  and,  experi- 
mentally, other  animals. 

Parts  Infested. — Adults  infests  the  intestine  ;  the 
larval  form  infests  the  muscle  structures. 

Conditions  Produced. — This  parasite  produces  two 
form  of  trichinosis  ;  the  adult  infests  the  intestinal 
tract  and  produces  intestinal  trichinosis ;  the  worm 
lives  about  six  weeks  ;  the  larva  is  found  wandering 
in  the  tissues  and,  finally  encysted,  this  form  is 
muscular  trichinosis. 

Symptoms.  —  Man :  —  Nausea,  vomiting,  diarrhoea 
and  vertigo ;  elevation  of  temperature  with  acceler- 
ated pulse  and  respiration;  great  muscular  pain  dur- 
ing migration  of  the  embryos ;  contraction  of  certain 


156  PAV.ASITOLOGY. 

groups  of  muscles;  the  pain  lasts  only  during  the 
migration  of  the  embryos ;  after  encystment  there  is  no 
pain.  Hogs: — The  intestinal  form  causes  diarrhoea ; 
the  migration  of  the  embryos  pruritus,  rubbing, 
scratching,  stiffness  of  gait,  difficulty  in  swallowing 
and  mastication,  difficult  and  painful  respiration. 
The  disease  is  usually  fatal  in  man;  it  is  not  liable  to 
be  fatal  in  the  hog  or  rat. 

Vitality. — Vermifuges  and  vermicides  have  little 
effect  upon  them.  Degeneration  usually  destroys 
the  larvae  in  the  cysts  in  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
months,  although  cases  are  on  record  where  their 
vitality  has  lasted  much  longer.  They  will  live  one 
hundred  days  in  decaying  meat.  Fourteen  degrees 
below  zero.  Cent.,  will  kill  them. 

Complete  salting  kills  those  that  are  superficial  in 
a  short  time,  but  those  in  the  deeper  parts  live  for  a 
long  time.  Sausage  in  pickle  15  days  destroys  them. 
Sausage  in  hot  smoke  kills  them  in  24  hours,  cold 
smoke  3  days. 

To  determine  if  Trichina  are  alive  two  methods 
can  be  used.  First,  feed  a  small  bird  the  trichinous 
flesh  and  kill  the  bird  8  to  10  hours  after;  if  the 
trichini  are  dead  they  will  be  digested  with  the  cyst; 
if  they  are  alive  they  will  be  coiled  or  moving. 
Second,  if  a  small  particle  of  macerated  meat  contain- 
ing the  cysts  be  placed  on  a  platinum  plate  and  heat- 
ed to  a  temperature  of  100  to  105  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
then  noted  under  the  microscope,  movement  will  be 
seen  if  they  are  alive.  Thorough  cooking  destroys 
them.  To  destroy  the  trichina  in  a  ham  it  should 
be  cooked  thirty-five  minutes  for  each  two  poinds 
of  weight. 


Plate  XIV, 


Ot- 


,---0U 


I.       n. 

-h 


Fiji.  - — Sj  nsaimisJ 
Traoliealis. 

eMale     and    fe- 
male). 

a,  Head. 

b,  Caudal  extrem- 
ity. 


pig.  3 — TrieLocephalus    C'reua- 
tus. 

(1,   Female.    2,  Male). 


Fis.  1— Stephanuriis  Dentatus.  Cephalic   extremity. 

(Cephalic    extremity).  ^^|  ^^P^^^_    extremity. 


(Cepl 

a,  Papillae. 

b,  Mouth. 

c,  Bucal    cavity 

d,  Oesopliagus. 
c,   Intestines. 


Pig-,  4 — Echiuorliyuchus  Caiils. 


I'ig.   o — Ecliinorhynelm.s  Caiii.s. 

(Globe       shaped       proboscis 
showing-   hooklets). 


Fig.   6 — Echinorhynchus  Canis. 

(Section       through       uterus 
showing-  ova). 


pig.    7 — Larvae    Trichina    Spi- 
nalis. ^    ^      .^, 

(Encysted,   surrounded  with 
muscle   fibers). 


Pig.  8 — Paragonimus     Wester- 
niaiiii. 

(Ventral    surface). 

a,  Oral  sucker. 

b,  Ventral  sucker. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


157 


AcANTHOCEPHALA  (Acanthos — thorn) 
(Cephale — head) . 

This  order  belongs  to  the  class  Nemathelmintha 
and  includes  a  group  of  parasites  that  are  round  in 
shape  but  are  not  provided  with  a  digestive  tract  as 
the  order  Nematoda ;  they  obtain  nourishment  by 
absorption  of  digested  nutrients  from  the  intestinal 
tract  of  the  host;  there  are  complete  sexes,  male 
and  female  ;  the  cephalic  (head)  extemity  is  provided 
with  a  globe-shaped  proboscis  armed  with  six  rows  of 
booklets  by  which  means  it  holds  on  to  the  mucous 
membrane ;  it  includes  the  genus  Echinorhynchus, 
species  of  which  infest  the  small  intestines  of  the 
dog,  others  infest  birds  and  still  another,  the  most  im- 
portant, infests  the  hog. 

( Echinos — spined) 
Echinorhynchus  Gigas  (Rhynchus — proboscis) 
(Gigas— giant). 
Synonym. — Echinorhynchus  hirudinaceous. 
Distribution. — Very 
common  in  the  United 
States  ;  also  found  in 
Europe. 

Description  .-Round 
in  shape,  about  two- 
thirds  the  calibre  of 
a  lead  pencil,  with 
transverse  markings. 
Milk  white  in  color; 
the  cephalic  extrem- 
i t y  term  in  ate  s 
Fig.  61— EcHiNORHYNCHus  GigAs,  Female,  abruptly  and  is  pro- 

a,  Globe-shaped  proboscis,  armed  with  six      .j    j         .,-i  ^i^u^ 
rows  of  booklets.                                                   Vldcd   With     a     globc- 

b,  Caudal  extremity.  shaped         proboSCis 

that   is   armed  with  six  rows  of  booklets  irregularly 


158 


PARASITOLOGY. 


arranged,  point  backwards.  The  booklets  are 
very  small  and  resemble,  in  shape,  those  of  a  cat's 
claw.  The  posterior  half  of  the  female  is  attenuated 
until  it  is  no  larger  than  a  knitting  needle;  the  female 
is  eight  to  twelve  inches  long,  the  male  three  to  four 
inches. 

Life  Cycle.— The  fe- 
male is  oviparous;  the 
eggs  are  oblong  and 
contain  fully  developed 
embryos,  in  a  few  days 
after  they  have  passed 
to  the  ground  with  the 
feces;  if  they  are  in- 
gested by  the  intermed- 
iate host,  which  is  the 
larva  of  the  May  bug 
( white  worm  or  grub 
worms)  they  soon  hatch 
in  its  digestive  tract ; 
this  embryo  is  very 
small  and  provided 
with  four  small  hook- 


Fig.    62  — ECHINORHYNCHUS  GiGAS. 

Cephalic  extremity  showing  globe- 
shaped  proboscis  and    six   rows    of 
booklets. 

Photomicrograph,  1\% 


lets  with  which  it  burrows  through  the  intestinal  wall 
and  becomes  encysted  in  the  abdominal  cavity  ;  when 
this  cyst  matures  it  contains  the  fully  developed  larva, 
which  retains  its  vitality  during  the  existence  of  the 
larval  worm  and  has  been  noted  still  alive  after 
metamorphosis  into  the  perfect  insect;  it  is  possible 
that  other  invertebrates  may  act  as  an  intermediate 
host;  if  the  pig  eats  these  white  worms  or  May 
beetles  containing  the  encysted  larva,  the  young  echi- 
norhynchus  is   set  free  by   the  process  of  digestion 


PARASITOLOGY.  159 

and  attaches  itself  to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the 
small  intestines  by  means  of  its  six  rows  of  booklets 
and  develops  into  the  adult  worm. 

Ajiimal  Infested. — The  hog. 

Parts  Lifested. — The  small  intestines. 

Coiiditioji  Prodiiced.  —  By  the  anchorage  of  the 
cephalic  extremity,  by  means  of  its  hooked  proboscis, 
there  is  produced  a  small  tumefaction  which  pushes 
the  serous  covering  of  the  intestine  out ;  from  the 
serous  surface  of  the  bowel  this  nodule  resembles  a 
tubercle,  and  may  be  mistaken  for  tuberculosis; 
upon  close  examination  the  head  of  the  echino- 
rhynchus  will  be  found  atta^*-****  \o  the  inner  part  of 
the  nodule. 

Symptoms. — When  infested  by  large  numbers  they 
may  cause  a  loss  of  appetite,  derangement  of  diges- 
tion, general  unthrifty  condition  and  later  emaciation 
and  convulsions;  they  may  prove  fatal  among  pigs. 

Treatment. — To  remove  the  worms  from  the  in- 
testinal tract  the  same  treatment  is  used  as  for  the 
Ascaris  Suilla  ;  to  prevent  the  hogs  from  becoming 
infested  it  will  be  necessary  to  keep  them  on  a  board 
floor  so  that  it  will  be  impossible  for  the  ova  to 
reach  the  intermediate  host,  or  to  subject  the  feces 
laden  with  ova  to  an  antiseptic  solution;  as  the  white 
worms  are  found  most  frequently  in  manure  piles  and 
in  very  rich  earth,  these  are  the  most  fertile  fields 
for  the  intermediate  host. 

ECHINORHYNCHUS  CaNIS. 

History.^ — It  has  been  found  in  Texas. 
Animal  Infested. — Dog. 
Parts  Infested. — Small  intestines. 
Description. — About  one-half  inch  long.     The  ce- 
phalic  extremety   is  provided   with   a  globe  shaped 


160  PARASITOLOGY 

proboscis  armed  with  six  rows  of  booklets,  wbicb 
irregularly  alternate.  Its  body  presents  transverse 
markings. 

Condition  Produced. — Exhaustion,  tucked  up  abdo- 
men,  muscular  incoordination,  later  paralysis,  loss  of 
appetite  and  death. — Parker. 


TREMATODA  (Trematodes— flukes). 

The  order  Trematoda  belongs  to  the  class  Plat- 
helmintha  and  includes  a  group  of  worms  that  are 
commonly  called  flukes.  They  produce  a  disease 
called  Distomiasis  or  Distomatosis,  which  is  divided 
into  various  forms  viz.: 

Hepatic  Distomiasis  caused  by  the  Distoma 
Hepaticum,  Distoma  Americanus,  Distom^a  Lanceo- 
lata. 

Pulmonary  Distomiasis  caused  by  the  Paragoni- 
mus  Westermanii. 

Gastric  Distomiasis  caused  by  the  Amphistoma 
Cervi. 

Vascular  Distomiasis  caused  by  the  Schistosoma 
Bovis. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


161 


FASCIOLIDAE. 

The  family  Fasciolidae  belongs  to  the  order 
Trematoda  and  includes  the  genus  Distoma. 

THE  FLUKES. 

(Dis — twice) 
Distoma  Hepaticum  (Stoma— mouth; 
(Hepatic— liver) 

Syno)iyms.  —  ¥^^Q\o\2i  Hepaticum.     Liver  Fluke. 

Distribution.— YoMXi^  in  the  low-lying  lands  of  the 
United  States  where  the  weather  is  warm  and  con- 
ditions are  favorable  for  the  development  of  the  lar- 
val state.  Also  found  in  the  low-lying  land  of  Scot- 
land and  other  countries. 

Description— The  body  is  flat  and  leaf-like;  it  is 
oblong,  larger  and  rounder  in  front;  at  the  extreme 
anterior  end  it  is  abruptly  contracted  in  such  a  way 
as  to  present  a  conical  neck;  it  terminates  ob- 
tusely behind.  The  antero-posterior  diameter  is 
about  one  to  one  and  one-fourth  inches  ;  the  width 
measures  one-third  to  one-half  inch.     It  is  provided 


162 


PARASITOLOGY. 


with  two  suckers,  oral  and  ventral.  At  the  bottom 
of  the  oral  sucker  is  placed  the  mouth,  which  com- 
municates with  the  intestines  by  means  of  an  oesoph- 
agus. The  intestines  consist  of  two  ramifying 
branches  which  permeate  the  whole  body.  The 
ventral  sucker  lies  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  behind 
the  oral  one.  The  fluke  is  brown  in  color  and  is  a 
hermaphrodite ;  the  penis  projects  in  front  of  the 
ventral  sucker,  always  recurved ;  the  vulva  is  small 
and  situated  at  the  side  or  a  little  behind  the  male 
orifice. 

Life  History. — The  fluke  is  ovip- 
arous ;  the  eggs  are  ovoid  in  shape 
and  brown  in  color;  they  are  laid 
in  the  bile  ducts  and  through  the 
hepatic  duct  find  their  way  to  the 
intestinal  tract,  then  to  the  ground 
through  the  feces  ;  if  the  ova  fall 
in  dry  places  they  soon  perish,  if  in 
damp  or  marshy  places  they  hatch 
in  from  five  to  six  weeks  ;  at  this 
stage  the  whole  body  of  the  em- 
bryo is  covered  with  cilia,  which 
enables  it  to  move  about  in  the 
water.  At  one  end  is  a  lancet-like 
projection  which  can  be  thrust  out 
or  withdrawn;  by  means  of  this 
apparatus  it  bores  into  the  second 
host;  if  it  does  not  meet  one  in  a 
day  or  two  it  dies ;  if  it  meets  a 
water  snail  it  penetrates  it  and  be- 
comes lodged  in  the  respiratory 
avity  and  begins  its  metamorphosis  into  the  larval 


Fig.   63— DiSTOMA 
Hepaticum. 

The  specimen  from 
/hich  this  drawing  was 
made  was  placed  be- 
tween two  glass  slides 
with  rubber  bands 
around  each  end,  giv- 
ing specimen  gentle 
pressure, then  kept  im- 
mersed in  alcohol  one 
week,  then  mounted  in 
Canada  balsam. 

a.  Intestines. 

b   Oral  sucker. 

c,  v'entral  sucker. 

d,  Uterus. 


PARASITOLOGY.  163 

State.  It  loses  its  layer  of  ciliated  epithelial  cells  and 
the  small  mass  of  round  cells  forming  the  interior  of 
the  body  rapidly  grow  ;  it  soon  develops  into  the  Spo= 
rocyst.  From  the  cells  in  the  sporocyst  are  formed 
five  to  eight  redia ;  each  redia  in  turn  develops 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  cercaria ;  the  cercaria  is  the 
fully  developed  larval  stage,  oval  in  shape,  provided 
with  an  oral  and  ventral  sucker,  a  rudimentary  di- 
gestive tract  and  a  tail.  It  now  leaves  the  snail  and 
is  enabled  to  move  about  in  the  water  by  means  of 
its  tail  and  crawls  upon  a  blade  of  grass  or  an 
aquatic  plant ;  it  loses  its  tail  at  this  period  and  be- 
comes encysted  with  a  gelatinous  substance  with 
which  it  provides  itself  ;  this  is  the  fully  developed 
larval  stage.  The  cysts  are  the  most  numerous  on 
the  part  of  the  grass  close  to  the  ground ;  the  larva 
retains  its  vitality  for  a  long  time  if  it  is  in  a  moist 
locality;  these  cysts  appear  as  very  small  white 
specks  and  are  eaten  by  the  herbivora  grazing  upon 
these  infested  pastures.  The  cyst  upon  reaching  the 
stomach  is  digested  and  the  larva,  set  free,  soon  tinds 
its  way  to  the  bile  duct,  and  thence  to  the  liver. 

A7ihnals  Infested, — The  ox,  sheep,  goat,  pig,  horse, 
and  man. 

Part  hiksted. — The  liver. 

Conditions  Produced. — The  worms  invade  the  bile 
ducts  and  here  develop  into  the  mature  worm ;  here 
they  live  for  six  months,  then  die.  In  autopsy  work 
one's  attention  is  attracted  by  the  enlargement  of 
the  large  bile  duct  on  the  posterior  face  of  the 
liver;  a  cut  section  of  this  part  shows  a  greatly 
thickened  wall  and  many  worms  contained  within 
the   duct ;    the  bile  m.ay  be  somewhat  thicker  than 


164  PARASITOLOGY. 

normal  with  a  few  dark  flocculi.  As  many  as  a 
hundred  flukes  have  been  taken  from  the  ducts  of  a 
single  liver.     The  liver  is  unfit  for  food. 

Symptoms. —  Distomiasis  or  liver  rot  appears 
mostly  among  cattle  in  the  United  States  on  account 
of  the  fact  that  cattle  are  grazed  on  the  low  lying  in- 
fested lands ;  while  the  sheep  come  mostly  from  the 
high  table  lands  where  conditions  are  not  favorable 
for  their  development  into  the  larval  stage.  In  Eng- 
land the  sheep  are  most  often  affected  on  account  of 
the  reversed  conditions  to  what  they  are  in  the 
United  States.  The  symptoms  given  us  by  observers 
in  that  country  are  as  follows :  The  malady  is  di- 
vided into  four  stages  or  periods. 

First  period  is  that  of  immigration;  the  flukes 
are  small  and  do  not  cause  excessive  disturbance. 
This  period  lasts  from  four  to  thirteen  weeks. 

Second  period  is  that  of  anemia  after  the  thir- 
teenth week  from  infestation ;  the  sheep  are  less 
lively,  the  mucous  membrane  is  pale,  the  appetite 
good  and  the  sheep  show  a  tendency  to  fatten  (  as  a 
result  of  the  stimulus  to  the  liver  which  causes  an 
increased  flow  of  bile).  In  the  latter  part  of  this 
period  the  appetite  diminishes,  thirst  increases ; 
rumination  irregular;  mucous  membrane  yellowish; 
may  show  edema ;  wool  is  dry  and  brittle,  and  the 
sheep  show  great  weakness.  The  feces  contain  the 
ova  of  the  fluke. 

Third  Period. — This  is  a  period  of  loss  of  flesh ; 
the  sheep  becomes  gradually  weaker  and  emaciated ; 
the  temperature  is  irregular,  the  respiration  feeble 
and  frequent ;  pregnant  ewes  abort ;  the  milk  of 
nursing  ewes  is  poor  in  quality.     Oedema  is  noted 


PARASITOLOGY.  165 

in  dependent  parts,  as  intermaxillary  space,  along  the 
trachea,  under  part  of  the  thorax.  Pain  is  noted  on 
pressure  on  the  region  over  the  liver. 

Fourth  Period,— That  of  emigration  of  the  flukes, 
can  be  considered  the  period  of  convalescence.  All 
symptoms  grow  gradually  less.  The  liver,  though 
infected  only  once,  never  entirely  recovers. 

There  is  great  mortality  among  sheep.  Not  such 
a  large  percentage  of  mortality  among  cattle.  The 
symptoms  in  cattle  are  similar  to  those  given  above 
for  sheep,  though  cattle  have  a  greater  resisting 
power  to  the  effects  of  the  invasion. 

Treatment. — Tonics  to  aid  in  tiding  over  the  attack. 
DiSTOMA  Americanus  (Americanus — America). 

Synonyms. — Distoma  Magna  ;  Fasciola  Ameri- 
canus ;  Distoma  Texicanum ;  Fasciola  Magna  ; 
American  liver  fluke. 

Distribution.  —  Found  common  in  the  cattle  from 
the  low-lying  lands  of  the  South  and  Southwest. 

Description. — The  body  is  flattened,  leaf-like  and 
slate  colored  ;  it  measures  one  to  one  and  one-quarter 
inches  long  and  about  one  inch  wide  ;  it  is  provided 
with  two  suckers,  oral  and  ventral,  as  in  the  preced- 
ing species.  The  mouth  is  located  at  the  bottom  of 
the  oral  sucker.  The  ramifying  intestinal  branches 
permeate  the  entire  worm  and  can  be  plainly  seen 
when  the  worm  is  placed  between  two  glass  slides 
and  pressed.  It  is  a  hermaphrodite,  the  male  and 
female  genital  organs  being  placed  anterior  to  and 
around  the  ventral  sucker.  The  ventral  sucker  is 
located  about    ne-fourth  inch  behind  the  oral  one. 

Life  Cycle. — The  life  cycle  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Distoma  Hepaticum. 


166  PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals  hdested. — The  ox,  sheep,  pig,  etc. 

Parts  Infested — Liver,  sometimes  the  lungs.  The 
writer  has  noted  one  case  of  Hepatic  Distomiasis  in 
a  pig ;  four  specimens  of  the  Distoma  Americanus 
were  found. 

Cojiditions  Produced. — The  larval  fluke  upon  being 
taken  into  the  stomach  on  grass  is  liberated  by  the 
dissolving  of  the  gelatinous  capsule  enclosing  it. 
It  finds  its  way  to  the  liver  through  the  hepatic  duct 
and  finally  becomes  stationary  in  a  small  bile  duct ; 
or  it  may  penetrate  the  duct  and  become   lodged  in 


'^^ 


Fiff.  64— Distoma  Americanus. 

a,  Oral  sucker. 

b,  Ventral  sucker. 

c,  Intestine 

the  tissue  outside.  It  here  forms  a  cyst  which  varies 
in  size  up  to  a  hen's  ^ZZ»  The  outer  surface  of  the 
liver  presents  the  appearance  of  black  prominent 
elevations.  Upon  section  of  these  tumefactions  they 
are  found  to  contain  a  cavity  within,  which  is  filled 
with  a  chocolate-colored  fluid  and  some  debris,  and 
in  the  older  cysts  some  earthy  material. 

One  or  more  flukes  are  found  in. each  cyst.  The 
portal  lymph  glands,  that  lie  against  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  liver  at  a  point  where  the  portal  vein 


PARASITOLOGY.  167 

enters,  are  swollen  and  appear  slate  colored  or  black. 
The  serous  membrane  adjacent  to  the  liver  is  slate 
colored.  The  young  flukes  may  migrate  through  the 
diaphragm  and  become  lodged  in  the  posterior  lobe 
of  the  lung,  where  they  form  a  cyst  as  in  the  liver ; 
the  attention  is  first  attracted  to  the  infested  part  by 
the  interlobular  substance  being  stained  dark,  often- 
times black ;  upon  closer  examination  a  tumefaction 
is  found  which,  when  sectioned,  is  foimd  to  contain 
the  characteristic  cyst.  The  adult  fluke  lives  about 
six  months.  The  symptoms  and  general  debilitating 
conditions  are  the  same  as  in  infestation  with  the 
Distoma  Hepaticum.  Often  cattle  are  infested  with 
both  Distoma  Hepaticum  and  Distoma  Americanus. 

Distoma  Lanceolata    (Lancea — lance). 

Distribution.— ¥o\xn6.  in  countries  and  localities 
where  the  preceding  species  are  found. 

Description.— T\iQ  body  is  lancet  shaped,  brownish 
in  color  and  semi-transparent ;  when  the  uterus  is 
filled  with  ova  the  body  presents  a  mottled  appear- 
ance, on  account  of  the  fact  that  the  integument  is 
semi-transparent.  The  intestinal  tract  consists  of 
two  non-ramifying  branches.  The  adult  is  from  one- 
third  to  one-half  inch  in  length  and  one-tenth  inch 
wide. 

Life  Cycle.— The  life  cycle  is  the  same  as  in  the 
preceding  species  ;  the  ovum  undergoes  segmenta- 
tion and  develops  embyos  in  the  maternal  body ,  but  is 
not  hatched  until  it  has  been  in  water  three  weeks. 
The  embryo  is  globular  or  pyriformin  shape,  ciliated 
on  the  anterior  third  of  the  body,  and  armed  with  a 
sharp  protractile  and  retractile  cephalic  needle. 


16S  PARASITOLOGY. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  sheep,  hog,  etc. 
Parts  Infested. — The  liver. 

Symptoms.  —  Similar  to  that  caused  by  infestation 
with  the  preceding  species. 

Paragonimus  Westermanii    (Westerman). 

Synojiyms. — Distoma  Ringeri;  Distoma  Pulmonale; 
Distoma  Westemanii. 

Distribution. — Rare  in  the  United  States.  Common 
in  China,  and  other  Asiatic  countries. 

Description. — The  body  is  thick  and  elongated  ; 
bluntly  rounded  at  both  extremities  ;  its  other 
anatomical  structures  are  similar  to  the  preceding 
flukes ;  the  ventral  sucker  is  located  about  three- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch  behind  the  oral  one  ;  the  adult 
is  about  one-half  inch  long ;  it  is  reddish  brown  or 
slate  colored. 

Animals  Infested. — Man,  hog,  dog  and  cat. 

Parts  hifested. — The  lungs. 

Conditions  Produced. — The  fluke  invades  the  lung 
tissue  and  produces  a  cyst;  some  are  located  super- 
ficially, some  deep;  the  cyst  is  usually  from  one-half 
to  one  inch  in  diameter  and  contains  a  small  quantity 
of  chocolate  colored  fluid  and  usually  two  flukes. 

Amphistoma  Cervi  (Amphi— both) 

(Stoma — mouth) 

Synonyms. — Conical  Stomach  Fluke  ;  Amphistoma 
Conicum. 

Distribiition. — Rare  in  the  United  States.  Plave 
been  reported  in  Canada,  Europe,.  Australia  and 
Egypt. 

Description. — It  is    conical  in  shape,  thin  in   front 


PARASITOLOGY.  169 

and  gradually  thickening  toward  the  posterior  part; 
slightly  curved  on  the  ventral  surface.  It  fixes  itself 
to  the  mucous  membrane  by  means  of  a  sucker  on 
the  posterior  or  large  end.  It  is  of  a  pinkish  color 
and  about  one-half  inch  in  length. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  sheep,  goat,  and  camel. 

Parts  Infested. — The  Rumen. 

Cojidition  Produced. — They  attach  themselves  to 
the  mucous  membrane  between  the  papillae  of  the 
rumen ;  most  common  near  the  oesophageal  groove. 
They  are  not  reported  as  causing  serious  results. 

SCHISTOSOMIDAE. 

The  family  Schistosomidae  includes  the  blood 
flukes. 

(Soma — body) 
SCHISTOSOMUM  BqVIS    (Bovis— ox) 

(Schistos— cleft) . 
Synony7n. — Blood  fluke. 

Description. — Small  in  size,  round  in  shape  and 
provided  with  two  suckers  located  on  the  anterior 
end.  The  female  is  larger  than  the  male.  The  eggs 
are  elongated  and  armed  with  sharp  points. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox  and  sheep. 

Parts  Infested. — Blood  vessels. 

Condition  Produced. — The  animals  presumably  be- 
come infested  through  drinking  water.  The  flukes 
are  found  principally  inhabiting  the  veins  of  the  ab- 
domen, more  especially  the  venous  plexuses  of  the 
bladder  and  rectum.  They  may  cause  nephritis, 
cystitis,  and  as  a  result  bloody  urine  or  feces.  The 
adjacent  lymph  glands  become  hypertrophied.  The 
condition  may  terminate  in  death. 


170  PARASITOLOGY. 


CESTODA. 


The  order  Cestoda  (kestos — girdle,  eidos — like) 
belongs  to  the  class  Plathelmintha  and  includes  a 
large  group  of  worms  that  are  provided  with  a  ribbon 
shaped  body,  proceeding  from  a  small  head  and 
neck.  The  head  or  scolex  may  be  provided  with 
four  sucker  discs  and  a  rostellum  of  booklets.  The 
booklets  are  arranged  in  two  circular  rows  in  the 
center  of  a  square  formed  by  the  four  sucker  discs 
at  the  extreme  cephalic  extremity.  This  is  called  an 
armed  taenia  (tapeworm).  The  head  may  be  pro- 
vided with  only  four  sucker  discs.  This  is  called  an 
unarmed  taenia.  These  constitute  its  fixation  ap- 
paratus by  which  means  it  fixes  itself  firmly  to  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  intestine  and  floats  back  in 
the  intestinal  contents.  A  neck  connects  the  head 
with  the  body;  in  some  species  it  is  short,  in  others 
long  and  slender,  while  in  others,  as  the  species 
found  in  the  horse,  the  neck  is  absent.  The  body  is 
fiat,  ribbon-shaped  and  segmented ;  it  is  composed 
of  a  network  of  cells  with  anastomosing  prolonga- 
tions. The  integument  comprises  a  homogeneous 
cuticle  lying  on  a  subcuticular  layer  of  longitudinal 
and  transverse  fibers.  It  is  provided  with  a  rudi- 
mentary nervous  system  which  consists  of  two  long- 
itudinal cords  united  by  a  transverse  commissure  at 
the  head.  There  is  no  digestive  apparatus  ;  the 
worm  absorbs  nourishment  through  fine  canaliculi 
which  traverse  the  cuticle.  There  is  no  circulatory 
apparatus ;  the  integument  serves  for  the  exchange  of 
gases.  The  excretory  canal  consists  of  four  tube- 
like  structures  which  traverse  the  entire  length  of 


PARASITOLOGY.  171 

the  worm:  two  are  located  dorsally  and  two  ventral- 
ly  and  open  at  the  posterior  border  of  the  last  seg 
ment  through  an  opening  called  the  caudal  foramen. 
The  segments  develop  from  the  neck  ;  each  new  seg- 
ment pushes  the  preceding  one  on.  until  there  is  a 
chain  of  segments.  As  the  segments  grow  they  be- 
come longer  and  wider  so  that  the  strobilus 
(strobilos — pine  cone,  meaning  adult  tapeworm) 
has  an  attenuated  appearance  anteriorly  with  a  narrow 
neck  and  a  very  small  head.  Each  segment  is,  to  a 
certain  extent,  an  individual  within  itself.  It  absorbs 
nutrients  and  through  its  integument  exchanges 
gases.  It  is  a  hermaphrodite,  possessing  both  male 
and  female  genital  organs.  The  genital  pore  is 
located  on  the  side  of  each  segment.  In  some  spec- 
ies there  is  a  genital  pore  on  each  side,  the  segment 
being  a  double  hermaphrodite.  The  sexually  devel- 
oped segment  is  called  a  mature  segment;  the  seg- 
ment whose  uterus  is  filled  with  mature  ova  is  called 
a  ripe  segment  and  is  ready  to  detach  itself  and 
produce  its  kind.  The  tapeworms  of  the  horse,  ox 
and  sheep  are  all  unarmed.  The  life  cycle  is  un- 
known ;  most  of  the  adult  tapeworms  of  man,  dog 
and  cat  are  armed,  and  the  life  cycle  known.  In  this 
life  cycle  the  larval  stage  is  developed  in  another 
animal ;  this  stage  is  called  the  cystic  or  hydatic 
stage. 

The  condition  of  an  animal  harboring  tapeworms 
is  called  taeniasis. 

TAENIDAE. 

The  family  Taenidae  belongs  to  the  order  Cestoda 
under  which  the  genus  Taenia  is  placed. 


172  PARASITOLOGY. 

TAPEWORMS  OF  MAN. 

Two  tapeworms  of  man  find  a  lower  animal  as 
an  intermediate  host,  viz.  :  Taenia  Solium  and 
Taenia  Saginata, 

Taenia  Solium  (Taenia — ribbon) 
(Sola — alone) 

Syiionym. — Taenia  Armata. 

Histoiy. — Adult  tapeworms  in  man  and  their  effect 
upon  the  health  of  the  host  dates  back  to  the  begin- 
ning of  history;  we  find  the  first  description  of  tape- 
worms in  the  seventeenth  century.  The  life  cycle 
was  worked  out  about  1850. 

Dist7'ibution. — Frequent  in  the  United  States  ;  also 
found  in  many  other  countries. 

Descriptio7i. — The  head  is  scarcely  larger  than  a 
pin  head  and  is  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and 
twenty-four  to  thirty-tv;o  booklets ,  The  worm  may 
reach  the  length  of  forty  feet.  I'he  latter  segments 
are  as  long  or  longer  than  broad ;  the  genital  pores 
are  prominent  and  irregularly  alternate  ;  as  soon  as 
the  segments  are  filled  with  mature  ova  they  detach 
themselves  and  pass  out  to  the  ground  with  the  feces. 
From  one  to  half  a  dozen  detach  themselves  at  one 
time.     Each  segment  contains  many  hundred  ova. 

Life  Cycle.  —  The  ova  become  disseminated 
through  the  water  or  food  and  are  through  these 
channels  taken  in  by  the  intermediate  host,  which  is 
the  hog.  In  the  stomach  the  ovum  hatches  into  a 
six-hooked  embryo,  which,  by  means  of  its  booklets 
finds  its  way  through  the  stomach  or  intestinal  wall 
and  wanders  through  the  tissues  or  is  carried  by  the 
blood  stream  or  lymph  current ;  in  nine  days  the  em- 


PARASITOLOGY.  173 

bryo  finds  a  resting  place.  From  this  small  mass  of 
protoplasm  is  developed  first  an  acephalo  cyst, 
which  is  provided  with  two  membranes,  the  outer 
one  called  the  hydatic  membrane  and  the  inner  one 
called  the  germinal  membrane  ;  from  the  germinal 
membrane  there  is  developed  the  larva ;  this  consti- 
tutes the  fully  developed  larval  state.  The  cyst  is 
oval  in  shape  and  about  one-half  to  two-thirds  the 
size  of  a  navy  bean  ;  the  larva  can  be  seen  through 
the  cyst  wall  as  a  small  white  body  and  consists  of 
the  head,  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  twenty- 
four  to  thirty-two  booklets  arranged  in  a  double  row. 
This  head  or  larva  is  attached  to  the  inner  or  ger- 
minal m.embrane  by  means  of  a  pedicle  and  floats  in 
a  colorless  fluid  ;  each  cyst  contains  but  one  larva. 
The  cyst  is  fully  developed  in  sixty  days ;  it  infests 
voluntary,  involuntary  and  heart  muscles,  and  the 
glands  and  organs  of  the  body,  invading  the  cancel- 
lated portion  of  bone.  After  cysts  are  quite  old  they 
undergo  degeneration,  beginning  from  without  to 
within  ;  through  this  degeneration  process  the  cyst 
wall  may  rupture  and  and  cyst  collapse,  or  it  may 
become  filled  with  a  cheesy  or  earthy  material. 
Should  man  eat  the  meat  of  the  hog  infested  with 
the  cyst  containing  the  living  larva,  through  diges- 
tion the  larva  is  liberated  and  finds  its  way  to  the 
small  intestines  and  fixes  itself  to  the  mucous  mem- 
brane by  means  of  its  booklets  and  four  sucker  discs, 
and  develops  into  the  mature  form. 

Animals  Infested. — Man,  hog  and  dog. 

Parts  Infested. — Adult  infests  the  small  intestines 
of  man.  The  larval  form  infest  the  muscle  structure 
of  the  hog  and  sometimes  the  dog,  in  cyst  formation. 


174  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  condition  of  the  muscle  being  infested  by 
these  cysts  is  called  measly  pork;  the  cyst  or 
larva  cysticercus  cellulosae. 

Symptoms. — In  badly  infested  cases  the  cysts  may 
be  found  bulging  from  the  mucous  surface  of  the 
sides  of  the  tongue  or  phrenum,  or  from  the  conjunc- 
tival or  rectal  mucous  membrane.  When  the  cysts 
in  the  tongue  are  numerous  they  may  cause  partial 
paralysis,  and  as  a  result, difficult  prehension  of  food. 
If  the  cysts  are  formed  in  the  brain  or  spinal  cord 
various  nervous  disorders,  as  vertigo,  convulsions, 
etc.,  may  be  observed.     When  generalized  the  ani- 


Fig.  65  —Cysticercus  Cellulosae  of  tongue,  (measly  pork), 
a,  Muscle  fibers.  b,  cyst  showing  larva  within. 

mal  is  unthrifty,  weak  and  emaciated.  In  post  mor- 
tem work  the  meat  from  such  infested  hogs  should 
be  condemned  as  unwholesome  and  dangerous.  In 
man  the  adult  worm  causes  disturbance  in  digestion, 
nausea,  uncomfortable  fe'^^Hng  in  the  abdominal  re- 
gion, loss  of  flesh,  etc. 

Taenia  Saginata  (Saginatus — to  make  fat) . 

Synonym. — Taenia  Mediocanellata. 

DistribiUion. — More  common  in  the  United  States 
than  the  preceding  species ;  also  common  in  other 
countries. 


PARASITOLOGY.  175 

Description. — This  worm  is  flat  and  ribbon  shaped, 
with  a  narrow  neck  of  medium  length  joining  the 
head  to  the  body  ;  the  head  is  small  and  provided 
with  four  sucker  discs.  It  is  the  unarmed  tapeworm 
of  man.  The  latter  segments  are  a  little  longer  than 
broad ;  the  terminal  segments  are  about  three-six- 
teenths of  an  inch  wide  ;  the  genital  pores  irregu- 
larly alternate.  The  worm  may  reach  the  length  of 
forty  feet. 

Life  Cycle. — The  life  cycle  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Taenia  Solium.  The  intermediate  host  is  the  ox, 
which  becomes  infested  through  water  or  food  contam- 
inated with  the  infested  excrements  of  man.  The 
ovum  upon  reaching  the  stomach  of  the  ox  is  hatched 
into  a  microscopic  globular-shaped  embryo  provided 
with  six  booklets.  Like  the  embryo  of  the  preceding 
species  they  penetrate  the  tissues,  through  which  they 
gradually  work  their  way  to  various  parts  of  the 
body,  and  in  the  course  of  nine  days  become  station- 
ary and  they  form  a  cyst  through  the  same  trans- 
formation as  in  the  preceding,  which  requires  about 
sixty  days.  These  cvsts  are  about  two-thirds  the 
size  of  a  navy  bean  and  contain  a  single  larva  which 
consists  of  a  head  and  neck.  The  head  is  provided 
with  four  sucker  discs  ;  by  examining  the  cyst  the 
larva  appears  as  a  small  white  mass  attached  to  the 
mother  or  germinal  membrane,  floating  in  a  color- 
less fluid,  and  plainly  visible  through  the  cyst  wall. 
Should  a  member  of  the  human  family  eat  meat 
(beef  dried,  rare  done  or  raw,)  containing  the  cysts 
in  which  is  found  the  living  larva,  he  would  become 
infested  with  adult  tapeworm.  In  the  stomach  the 
larva    would  be    liberated   and    upon   reaching   the 


176  PARASITOLOGY. 

small  intestines  would  attach  itself  to  the  mucous 
membrane  by  means  of  its  four  sucker  discs  and  de- 
velop into  the  adult  worm  ;  if  the  meat  is  thoroughly 
cooked  the  larvae  are  destroyed.  These  cysts 
undergo  degeneration  as  in  the  preceding  species. 
The  writer  has  observed  cysts  in  the  heart  of  a  four 
year  old  steer  in  which  many  of  the  cysts  had  under- 
gone degeneration.  The  cystic  tissues  had  been  re- 
placed with  a  yellowish  cheesy  pus.  The  cystic 
larva  is  called  cysticercus  bovis.  The  infestation 
of  beef  with  the  cystic  form  of  the  Taenia  Saginata 
is  called  measly  beef. 

Animals  Infested. — Man  by  the  adult  worm  ;  cattle 
by  the  larva. 

Parts  Infested. — The  adult  infests  the  small  intes- 
tines ;  the  cystic  form  infests  the  muscle  structures. 
The  most  common  locations  of  these  cysts  are  the 
masseter  muscles,  then  the  tongue  and  heart,  and  in 
badly  infested  cases  in  all  tissues  of  the  body. 

Symptoms. — The  symptoms  of  animals  and  persons 
infested  by  this  species  are  the  same  as  that  caused 
by  the  preceding  species. 

TAPEWORMS  OF  HORSES. 

The  tapeworms  of  horses  are  three.  Their  life 
history  is  unknown,  and  all  are  unarmed.  They  are 
rare  in  the  United  States. 

Taenia  Perfoliata  (Per — through  ;  folium — leaf.) 

Description. — The  head  is   large   and  globular  in 

shape,  and  is  provided  with  sucker  discs ;    the  neck 

is  absent;    the  segments  are  very  short  and  at  the 

terminal  end  are  about  one-half  inch  wide.     There 


PARASITOLOGY.  177 

is  a  slight  attenuation  toward  the  posterior  extremity. 
The  entire  worm  measures  from  two  to  seven  inches 
long. 

Ajiimal  Inhsted. — The  horse. 

Parts   Infested. — The  caecum. 

Taenia  Mamillana  (Mammalis — mammal). 

Description. — The  head  is  rounded,  with  the  sucker 
discs  located  at  the  side,  in  the  form  of  slits;  the 
neck  is  absent,  and  the  posterior  border  of  the  seg- 
ments is  wider  than  the  anterior;  the  worm  is  much 
smaller  than  the  preceding  one,  measuring  one  to 
one  and  one-half  inches  long. 

Animal  Infested. — The  horse. 

Parts  Infested. — Small  intestines. 

Taenia  Plicata  (Plicatus — to  fold) . 

Description. — The  head  is  thick  and  wide  ;  it  is 
depressed  on  either  side  ;  the  suckers  are  located  at 
the  free  end  of  the  head,  and  are  round;  the  neck  is 
absent;  the  segments  are  about  one-half  inch  wide; 
the  worm  measures  from  two  to  three  inches  in 
length. 

Ajiinial  Infested. — The  horse. 

Parts  Infested. — The  intestines  and  colon. 

TAPEWORMS  OF  CATTLE  AND  SHEEP. 

The  tapeworms  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  unarmed 
Taenia.  The  segments  are  wider  than  long.  The 
life  history  outside  of  the  body  is  unknown. 

Taeniasis  among  cattle  and  sheep  is  more  com- 
mon in  summer  than  in  winter.  During  the  grass 
season  range  cattle  are  especially  prone  toward  this 
infestation- 


178 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Taenia  Expansa  (Expansus— broad). 

Synonyjn. — Moniesia  Planissima.  Moniesia  Ex- 
pansa. 

Distribution. — Common  in  the  United  States,  es- 
pecially in  range  cattle. 

Descr:ptio)i. — Its  head  is  very  small,  and  is  pro- 
vided with  four  sucker  discs  ;  the  head  is  followed 
by  along,  slender  neck;  the  segments  of  specimens 
from  cattle  often  measure  an  inch  in  width  ;  these 
widest  segments   are  only  about  one-eighth   of  an 


, I 

'» -: 

c  ' — . 

^^ — ^ « 

\ ^\ 

h -<• 

,' *\ 

»•— — — ■ 

1^ -i. 

!• •* 

'  ^ H 

\^ ^ 

, . 


Fig.  66  —Taenia  Expansa  (from  ox). 

a.  Head.  c,  Mature  segments. 

b,  Neck.  d,  Partially  developed  segments. 

inch  long.  The  specimens  infesting  sheep  measure 
only  about  one-half  inch  in  width.  The  worm  is 
thin  and  segments  translucent ;  each  segment  is  pro- 
vided with  two  genital  pores  ;  one  located  at  each 
margin.  This  worm  may  reach  the  length  of  twenty 
to  forty  feet. 

Life  Cycle. — Animals  are  supposed  to  become  in- 


PARASITOLOGY. 


179 


fested  through  water  or  food  contaminated  by  the 
ova  or  embryos. 

A7iimals  hifested. — The  ox  and  sheep. 

Parts  Infested. — The  small  intestines. 

Symptoms. — Cattle  and  sheep  infested  by  only  a 
few  worms  of  this  species,  do  not  show  any  notice- 
able constitutional  effect.  Should  myriads  infest 
them,  the  animal  may  show  an  unthrifty  condition, 
due  to  irritation  and  loss  of  nutrients. 

Treatment.  —  After 
the  infested  animals  ^ 
have  been  fasted  for 
twenty -four  hours, 
they  should  be  given 
a  physic  and  parasiti- 
cide. Cattle  take  one 
to  two  pounds  of  Ep- 
som salts,  according 
to  the  age;  this  should 
be  accompanied  with 
fluid  extract  male 
shield  fern  from  four 
to  six  drams,  powder- 
ed areca  nut  one-half 
to  one  ounce.  Sheep 
take  four  to  six 
ounces  of  Epsom 
salts     according     to 

their  age.  This  should  be  given  in  conjunction  with 
one  to  two  drams  fluid  extract  male  shield  fern,  and 
one  to  three  drams  powdered  areca  nut. 


Fig. 


67— Taenia  Expansa  (from  sheep.) 
a,  Head.  b,  Neck. 

c,  Mature  segments. 


180 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.   68 


Taenia    Alba    (from 
sheep), 
a,  Head.  b,  Neck. 

c,  Mature  segments. 


Taenia  Alba  (Albus — white). 
Sy7i07iyni. — Moniesia  Alba. 

Distribution. — Common  in  native  and  range  cattle 
and  sheep. 

Description. — This  worm 
is  whitish  in  color,  the  head 
small   and  provided    with 
four    sucker    discs,  which 
constitute  the  fixation  ap- 
paratus. The  neck  is  short. 
The  segments  are  thicker 
and   not  so  wide  as  com- 
pared to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies.  The  widest  segments 
reach  about  one-half  inch. 
The  worm,  when  fully  de- 
veloped,    measures    from 
three  to  seven  feet.     The  ones  infesting   cattle  de- 
velop larger  and  longer  than  those  in  sheep. 
Life  Cycle. — Same  as  preceding  one. 
Animals  Infested. — The  ox  and  sheep. 
Parts  Infested. — Small  intestines. 
Symptoms. — Usually  found   in    small    numbers   in 
cattle  and  no  serious   results   are   credited  to   them. 
Outbreaks   of   Taeniasis    among   lambs    have    been 
reported  in  which   the   fatality  ran  fifteen  to  twenty 
percent.     If  in  small  numbers  in  sheep  they  do  not 
cause  serious  disturbance. 

Treatment. — Same  as  for  Taenia  Expansa. 

Taenia  Fimbriata  (Fimbria — fringe). 
Syno7iy7n. — Thy sano soma  Actinioides. 
Distribution. — The  most  common  species  of  tape- 
worm infesting  sheep. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


181 


Description. — The  head  is  some  larger  than  that  of 
the  two  preceding  species  and  is  provided  with  fonr 
sucker  discs  ;  the  neck  is  short  and  thick  ;  the  seg- 
ments are  wider  than  long.  The  terminal  segments 
are  narrower  than  the  preceding  ones,  which  gives 
the  worm  an  attenuated  appearance.  The  posterior 
borders  of  the  segments  are  fringed  both  dorsally 
and  ventrally  with  finger-like  projections ;  those  on 
the  border  of  the  segments  close  to  the  head  are 
short  but  on  the  lateral  segments  the  fringe  covers 
the  succeeding  ones.     The   fully    developed   worm 

varies  from  three  to  six  inches  in  length. 

<\ 

Life  History. — The  sheep  tick 
is  said  to  be  the  intermediate 
host. 

Ani7nals  Infested. — Sheep. 

Parts  Infested.SmoXl  intes- 
tines. 

Symptoms. —S^hen  the  animal 
is  infested  by  many  worms  they 
may  interfere  with  digestion 
and  by  robbing  the  host  of  nu- 
trients cause  an  unthrifty  con- 
dition ;  they  may  prove  serious 
to  lambs.  Many  times  the 
worms  find  their  way  from  the 
duodenum,  through  the  bile 
duct  to  the  gall  bladder ;  they 
may  clog  the  gall  duct  and  cause  serious  results. 
Treatm£nt.S2ime  as  for  the  Taenia  Expansa. 


¥\s.   69— 

Taenia  Fimbriata. 

a,  Head. 

b,  neck. 

c,  Terminal    segment* 
with  fimbria. 


182 


PARASITOLOGY. 


TAENIA  OVIS. 

Where  Found.— Frequent  in  western  part  of  the  United 
States. 

Description. — Adult  worm  12  to  26  inches  long.  The  ter- 
minal segments  are  usually  longer  than  broad.  The  head 
IS  provided  with  4  oval  suckers  and  a  ros'tellum  of  from  24 
to  36  hooklets. 

Life  History. — Similar  to  that  of  the  Taenia  Marginata 
except  that  the  cystic  form  develops  in  the  musculature, 
both^  skeletal  and  heart.  The  cystic  stage  is  called  the 
Cysticercus  ovis.  The  cysts  are  oval  in  shape  and  average 
about  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter.  Each  cyst  contains  one 
head. 

Animal  Infested.— Adu\t  stage,  intestines  of  the  dog. 
Cystic  or  larval  stage  the  musculature  of  the  sheep. 

TAPEWORMS  OF  DOG. 
The  tapeworms  commonly  found  in  the  dog  are 
armed  ;  their  life  history  is  known. 

Taenia  Marginata  (Marginatus— margined). 
Synonym. — Marginata  tapeworm.     Taenia  Hydati- 
gena. 

Distribution. — One  of  the  common  tapeworms  of 
the  dog;  the  shepherd  dogs  are  a  common  carrier  of 
Description. — The  head  is  scarce- 
ly wider  than  the  neck  and  is  pro- 
vided with  four  sucker  discs  be- 
tween which  is  located  arostellum 
of  hooklets ;  this  rostellum  is 
arranged  in  a  double  circular  form 
and  consists  of  from  thirty  to  forty 
hooklets.  The  neck  is  short ;  the 
segments  as  they  develop  from 
the  neck  are  shorter  than  broad. 
As  the  distance  from  the  head 
grows  greater  the  segments  be- 
come wider  and  longer;  the  mature 
segments  are  nearly  square ;  the 
ripe  segments  are  slightly  longer 


Fig-.    70 — 

Taenia  Marginata. 

a,  Head. 

b,  Neck. 

c,  Genital  pore, 

d,  Ripe  segments. 


PARASITOLOGY.  183 

than  wide;   the  genital  pores   irregularly  alternate. 
The  worms  may  develop  to  a  length  of  five  feet. 

Life  History. — The  ripe  segments  detach  them- 
selves and  pass  out  to  the  ground  with  the  feces  ;  the 
segments  soon  decompose  and  myriads  of  ova  are 
liberated;  these  become  disseminated  by  rain.  The 
sheep  become  infested  through  the  food  and  water ; 
upon  reaching  the  stomach  the  ovum  hatches  into  a 
six  hooked  embryo  which  penetrates  the  stomach 
wall  and  invades  the  liver  tissues,  where  it  passes 
part  of  its  life  in  its  transformation  into  the  larva;  later 
it  leaves  the  liver  and  becomes  lodged  in  the  peri- 
toneal cavity  ;  here  it  forms  a  cyst  which  varies  in  size 
up  to  a  hen's  ^'gz-  This  cyst  is  fully  developed  in  250 
days  and  is  provided  with  two  fibrous  walls,  an  outer 
thick  membrane  called  the  hydatic  membrane  and 
a  thin  inner  one  called  the  germinal  or  mother  mem- 
brane ;  from  this  mother  membrane  is  developed  a 
single  larva  which  is  suspended  by  means  of  a  pedi- 
cle and  floats  in  a  colorless  fluid  ;  the  larva  consists 
of  the  head  and  neck,  from  which  is  developed  the 
adult  worm,  when  ingested  by  the  dog.  The  larva 
can  be  seen  as  a  small  white  body  through  the  cyst 
wall ;  these  cysts  are  attached  to  the  mesentery, 
omenta  or  capsule  of  the  liver.  They  are  called 
cysticercus  tenuicollis.  When  this  cyst  is  devour- 
ed by  the  dog,  the  larva  is  liberated  through  the  di- 
gestion of  the  cyst  walls  ;  upon  passing  out  to  the 
small  intestines  it  becomes  attached  by  means  of  its 
fixation  apparatus,  which  consists  of  four  sucker 
discs  and  a  rostellum  of  hooklets,  and  develops  into 
the  adult  worm  in  four  months. 

Ajiimals  Infested, — Adult,  infests  dog  ;  larva  infests 
sheep  ;  also  observed  in  hog  and  other  animals. 
Parts  hifested. — Adults  are  found  in  the  small  in- 


184 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.  71— Cysticercus  Tenuicollis. 

a,  Small  intestines. 

b,  Mesentery. 

c,  Cyst. 

testines.      The  cystic  or  hydatic  form  in  the   perito- 
neal cavity. 

Symptoms. — When  the  dog  is  infested  by  large 
numbers  they  cause  irregularity  of  digestion,  ner- 
vousness and  loss  of  condition. 

Treatme7it. — For  a  dog  of  twenty-five  pounds 
weight,  give  the  following: 

^     Fid.  ext.  male  fern 5i 

Pulv.  areca  nut__-— grs.xx 

Simple  syrup  qs.  ad 5iv 

M.  S.  Give  at  one  dose. 
This  can  be  repeated  in  four  or  five  days. 


PARASITOLOGY.  185 

Taenia  Echinococcus  (Kokkus — berry). 

Distributio7i. — One  of  the  most  common  tapeworms 
of  dog's  in  the  United  States.  In  autopsy  of  eighty- 
dogs  fifty  percent  were  found  to  be  infested  by  the 
Taenia  Echinococcus  ;  also  found  in  Europe  On  an 
average  about  one  percent  of  hogs  harbor  the  cystic 
form  ;  rare  in  sheep  ;  not  reported  in  cattle  in  this 
country. 

Description. — The  head  of  the  adult  worm  is  glob- 
ular in  shape,  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  a 
rostellum  of  from  twenty-eight  to  fifty  booklets;  the 
neck  is  long  and  distinct ;  the  entire  worm  consists 
of  four  segments,  including  the  head ;  the  terminal 
segment  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  balance  of  the  worm. 
It  is  four  or  five  times  as  long  as  wide.  As  soon  as  the 
segment  is  ripe  (filled  with  mature  ova)  it  detaches 
itself,  and  is  passed  out  to  the  ground  with  the  feces. 
The  entire  worm  measures  from  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  inch  long  and  is  very  slender ;  as  a  result  it 
may  be  easily  overlooked  in  holding  autopsy. 

Life  History. — The  intermediate  host  is  the  hog, 
sheep,  ox  or  man.  The  detached  segment,  which 
passes  to  the  ground,  soon  decays  and  liberates 
myriads  of  ova,  which  become  disseminated  over 
the  ground,  pasture  and  water  supply  by  the  rains ; 
thus  through  contaminated  water  and  food  this 
microscopic  o^zz  is  taken  in  by  the  intermediate  host. 
Upon  reaching  the  stomach  a  minute  six=hooked 
embryo  is  liberated  which  invades  the  tissues  and 
becomes  lodged  in  some  organ,  usually  the  liver  or 
lungs;  it  here  undergoes  a  metamorphosis  into  the 
larval  form.  First  is  developed  an  acephalocyst ; 
this  is    provided  with  hydatic  and  germinal  mem- 


186  PARASITOLOGY. 

branes;  the  hydatic  membrane  is  thick  while  the 
germinal  membrane  is  thin.  The  cyst  develops 
very  slowly  and  arrives  at  this  stage  in  about  five 
months  ;  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  mother  mem- 
brane appears  a  minute  papillary  elevation  which 
becomes  hollowed  in  the  center  and  forms  another 
cyst  called  the  daughter  cyst  (secondary  or  proliger- 
ous  cyst) .  This  is  attached  to  the  mother  membrane 
by  a  short  pedicle ;  the  bud  from  the  mother  mem- 
brane may  develop  a  larva  or  scolex  which  is  attach- 
ed to  it  by  a  short  slender  pedicle ;  this  development 
may  proceed  until  fifteen  or  twenty  heads  are  there 
attached ;  on  the  inner  side  of  the  daughter  vesicle 
may  be  developed  five  to  ten  heads  or  larvae  or 
another  vesicle  called  a  grand=daughter  vesicle  ;  the 
grand-daughter  vesicle  may  develop  within  it  another 
cyst  called  a  great=grand=daughter  vesicle,  which  is 
always  an  acephalocyst.  These  secondary  cysts 
may  develop  so  as  to  be  practically  outside  of  the 
mother  cyst,  thus,  multiple  cysts  result.  The  cyst 
contains  a  colorless  poisonous  fluid  of  saline,  neutral 
or  slightly  acid  reaction  ;  this  development  goes  on 
until  the  entire  organ  is  filled  with  multiple  cysts ; 
these  cysts  vary  in  size  up  to  one  and  one-half 
inches  in  diameter.  This  conditron  is  called  echino- 
coccus  veterinorum,  echinococcus  polymorphus, 
echinococcus  granulosus  or  cysticercus  echinococcus. 
Sometimes  instead  of  this  form  of  cyst  formation  there 
is  formed  a  cluster  of  cysts  varying  in  size  from  a  mil- 
let seed  to  a  pea;  these  are  in  clusters  like  a  bunch  of 
grapes  and  are  called  echinococcus  multiloculaiis  or 
echinococcus  alveolaris.  These  cysts  may  undergo 
degeneration ;   the   cyst   wall    ruptures    and   the   cyst 


Plate  XV. 


Fig.  I — Taenia     3larginata. 

(Cephalic    extremity). 

a,  Hooklets. 

b,  Sucker. 

c,  Neck. 


Fig.  3 — Taenia   Fiinbriata. 

(Cephalic    extremity.      Par- 
tial   front    view). 

a,  Sucker — a    partial    view    of 

under    sucker. 

b,  Neck. 

2,   First    segments    of    body. 


Fig.  3 — C.vsticercu.s     Tenuieol- 
lis. 

(Larva  of  Taenia  Margina- 
ta.  Showing-  four  sucker 
discs  -and  rostellum  of 
hooklets). 


Fig.  4 — Section  tlirougli  cyst 
of  Cy«ticereus  Ecliinococ- 
cu.s. 

Germinal  membrane  slight- 
ly   detached,    with    larvae. 

b,  Hydatic    membrane. 

c,  Section  of  liver^.x 


Pig.  5 — L,  a  r  V  a  e     Cysticercug 
Ecliinococeus. 

(Magnified), 
a,  Larvae    showing    rostellum 

of  hooklets. 
l),  Germinal       membrane,       to 

which    larvae   are    attached 

by  means  of  pedicle. 


PARASITOLOGY.  187 

collapses.  Cysts  have  been  known  to  retain  their 
vitality  for  many  years.  Dogs  consuming  these 
cysts  develop  the  mature  worm. 

Atiimals  bifested. — The  adult  Taenia  infests  the 
dog;  the  larval  (cystic  or  hydatic)  form  infests  the 
hog,  sheep,  ox  and  man. 

Of  1814  hogs  killed  at  the  Spartanburg,  S.  C,  muni- 
cipal abattoir  from  March  13,  1913  to  March  1,  1914 
2.3%  were  afifected  by  the  Cysticercus  Echinococcus 
of  the  liver. 

Parts  Infested. — The  adult  is  found  in  the  small  in- 
testines; the  larval  form  in  the  liver,  principally; 
occasionally  in  the  lungs  and  sometimes  in  other 
organs.  Sections  of  liver  adjacent  to  the  cyst  shows 
eO'Sinophilia. 

Sympto7ns. — When  the  cysts  invade  an  organ  to  a 
sufficient  extent  they  interfere  with  the  functions  of 
that  organ ;  animals  so  infested  gradually  lose  con- 
dition; there  is  loss  of  appetite,  jaundice,  oedema 
under  breast  or  neck  and  jaws;  nervous  disorders  if 
they  should  invade  the  brain. 

In  dogs,  infestation  by  myriads  of  adults,  produces 
indigestion,  nervousness,  nausea  and  gradual  loss  of 
condition. 

Taenia  Coenurus  (Common  tail) , 

Distribution. — Found  in  European  countries;  re- 
ported in  the  United  S^tes  from  New  York  and 
Montana  by  Hall. 

Description. — The  head  is  small  and  provided  with 
four  sucker  discs  and  a  rostellum  of  from  twenty-two 
to  thirty-two  booklets ;  the  neck  is  narrow ;  the 
mature  segments  are  as  long  as  wide ;    the  genital 


188  PARASITOLOGY. 

pores  irregularly  alternate  ;  the  ripe  segments  are 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  worm  usually 
attains  the  length  of  two  to  three  feet. 

Life  Cycle, — The  ripe  segments  from  the  small  in- 
testines of  the  dog  pass  out  to  the  ground  with  the 
feces ;  these  segments  soon  decompose  and  myriads  of 
ova  are  liberated  which  become  desseminated  in  food 
and  water.  The  intermediate  host  is  sheep  which 
become  infested  through  contaminated  food  or  water. 
The  ova,  upon  reaching  the  stomach,  hatch  into  six- 
hooked  embryos  which  immediately  begin  to  migrate 
through  the  tissues,  or  they  may  penetrate  an  artery 
and  be  carried  by  the  blood  current ;  the  embryos 
will  develop  only  in  nerve  tissue,  and  may  be 
carried  to  these  centers  through  the  blood  stream  ; 
if  lodged  in  tissue,  not  nerve,  they  perish,  but  if 
lodged  in  the  brain  or  spinal  column  they  begin  their 
transformation  into  the  hydatic  state  ;  in  eight  or 
nine  days  after  the  ova  are  ingested  the  embryos 
have  reached  the  brain  and  in  twenty  days  are  about 
one-tenth  inch  in  diameter;  development  continues 
and  they  are  fully  developed  in  ninety  days.  The 
cysts  possess  a  hydatic  and  germinal  membrane  ; 
from  this  inner  or  germinal  membrane  there  is  devel- 
oped from  one  to  two  hundred  heads  or  larva.  The 
encysted  larva  is  called  Coenurus  Cerebralis  or 
Cysticercus  Coenurus.  They  may  develop  in  the 
coverings  of  the  brain  or  spinal  cord  or  in  the  brain 
and  cord  substance ;  if  the  dog  eats  these  cysts, 
through  digestion  the  larva  (which  consists  of  ahead 
provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  a  rostellum  of 
booklets  and  a  neck)  is  liberated  and  fixes  itself 
to  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestines  and 
develops  into  the  mature  worm  in  two  months. 


PARASITOLOGY.  189 

Animal  Infested. — The  adult  infests  the  dog  ;  the 
larva  infests  sheep,  and,  rarely,  cattle. 

Parts  hikstcd. — The  adult  worm  infests  the  small 
intestines  of  the  dog ;  the  larval  or  cystic  form  is 
found  in  the  brain  or  spinal  cord. 

Disease  Produced. — Gid  ;  turnsick;  sturdy;  water- 
brain. 

Sympto77is. — A  dog  infested  by  the  adult  worms 
shows  the  same  symptoms  as  when  infested  by  any 
one  of  the  preceding  species,  and  is  amenable  to  tk€ 
same  treatment.  If  many  embryos  become  lodged  in 
the  cranial  cavity  of  the  sheep  the  first  symptoms  will 
appear  about  the  eighth  or  tenth  day  ;  they  cause  a 
cerebral  congestion  which  produces  dullness ;  the 
head  is  held  in  a  drooping  position,  the  eyes  are  red, 
and  the  head  hot  over  the  affected  region ;  there  may 
be  spasms  and  paralysis.  If  only  a  few  embryos 
are  present  they  will  not  produce  the  symptoms  so 
quickly ;  later  the  sheep  keeps  apart  from  the  flock, 
the  pupils  are  dilated,  and  the  animal  manifests  an 
imsteady  gait ;  the  animal  may  turn  in  a  circle,  to 
the  right  or  left,  depending  on  which  side  the  cysts 
are  developed ;  if  the  cysts  are  in  the  right  hemis- 
phere it  will  turn  to  the  right;  if  in  the  left  hemis- 
phere it  will  turn  to  the  left.  The  limbs  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  body  are  stiff  or  partially  para- 
lyzed ;  if  both  hemispheres  are  invaded  the  sheep 
may  turn  to  the  left,  then  to  the  right,  depending 
upon  which  side  the  greatest  irritation  exists ;  if  the 
cysts  are  in  the  center,  in  the  region  of  the  corpus 
callosum  or  hippocampus  the  sheep  elevates  its  nose 
and  goes  straight  forward  ;  if  the  cysts  are  lodged  in 
the  cerebellum  they  produce  great  incoordination  of 
movements ;  if  in  the  corpus  striatum  or  optic  thai- 


190  PARASITOLOGY. 

mus  the  animal  will  become  blind  ;  if  the  cysts  devel- 
op in  the  spinal  cord,  they  produce  partial  or  com- 
plete paralysis  of  the  part  posterior  to  this  point. 

Treatment, — If  these  cysts  are  located  superficially 
they  may  be  removed  by  aid  of  a  trocar  or  by  trephin- 
ing over  the  part ;  as  the  fluid  escapes  from  the 
punctured  cyst  the  mother  membrane  floats  out  and 
by  aid  of  a  pair  of  forceps  can  be  removed. 
Taenia  Serrata  (Serratus — a  saw). 

Synonym. — Taenia  pisiformis. 

Distribution. — Found  in  the  United  States  and  in 
the  European  countries. 

Description. — The  head  is  only  a  trifle  wider  tham 
the  neck,  and  is  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  a 
rostelhim  of  from  thirty-four  to  thirty-eight  booklets  ; 
the  first  segments,  Hke  those  in  the  preceding  species, 
are  narrow  and  shorter  than  wide ;  farther  down  the 
strobilus  the  segments  are  as  long  as  wide  and 
slightly  contracted  at  each  end,  which  gives  the  worm 
a  serrated  appearance.  The  ripe  segments  are  about 
one-half  inch  long. 

Lite  History. — The  ripe  segments  detach  them- 
selves, pass  out  to  the  ground  with  the  fecal  matter 
of  the  dog,  and  thus  the  ova  become  desseminated 
over  the  ground,  and  through  the  food  or  water  the 
intermediate  host  becomes  infested ;  the  intermediate 
host  is  the  rabbit.  In  the  stomach  of  the  rabbit  the 
microscopic  six-hooked  embryo  is  liberated,  which 
migrates  to  the  peritoneal  cavity  and  forms  a  cyst 
called  the  cysticercus  pisiformis;  the  cyst  contains  a 
single  larva  or  scolex  (head)  attached  to  the  mother 
membrane  by  means  of  a  pedicle,  and  floats  in  a 
colorless  fluid;  the  dog  becomes  infested  by  eating 
the  viscera  containing  the  encysted  larva. 


PARASITOLOGY.  191 

Animals  hifested. — The  adult  infests  the  dog  ;  the 
larva  infests  the  rabbit. 

Parts  Infested. — The  adult  worm  is  found  in  the 
small  intestines  of  the  dog  ;  the  larva  or  cystic  form 
is  found  in  the  peritoneal  cavity  of  the  rabbit. 

Symptoms. — The  adult  form  in  the  intestines  of  the 
dog  produces  the  same  symptoms  and  is  amenable 
to  the  same  treatment  as  the  preceding  species ;  tke 
cysticercus  pisiformis  as  a  rule  do  not  cause  serious 
results  in  rabbits. 

Taenia  Serialis. 

Distribution.  —  Not  common;  reported  more 
common  in  European  countries. 

Description. — The  head  is  wider  than  the  neck  and 
is  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  a  rostellum  of 
from  twenty-six  to  thirty  booklets ;  the  neck  is  long 
and  slender  ;  the  segments,  at  first  shorter  than  broad, 
farther  down  the  strobilus  are  as  long  as  broad  ; 
finally  the  ripe  segments  are  about  two  and  one-half 
times  as  long  as  broad  ;  these  latter  segments  are 
narrower  at  the  ends  than  at  the  middle.  The 
genital  pores  irregularly  alternate. 

Life  Cycle. — The  intermediate  host  is  the  rabbit  and 
rodent,  which  become  infested  through  water  or  food 
contaminated  with  the  ova  from  the  dog;  in  the 
stomach  the  six-hooked  embryos  are  liberated;  they 
migrate  to  the  connective  tissue  and  develop  small 
cysts  which  contain  the  larvae  suspended  from  the 
mother  membrane  by  means  of  pedicles,  which  floats 
in  a  colorless  fluid.  Dogs  become  infested  by  devour- 
ing the  carcasses  of  rabbits  or  rodents  harboring  the 
cystic  form ;  the  larval  or  cystic  form  is  called  the 


192 


PARASITOLOGY. 


coenurus  serialis  or  multiceps  serialis. 

Animals  Infested. — The  adult  infests  the  dog  ;  the 
larval  or  cystic  form  infests  the  rabbits  and  rodents. 
Parts  hiksted — The  adult  infests  the  small  intes- 
tines; the  larval  or  cystic  form  the  connective  tissue. 
Symptoyns. — The  symptoms  of  a  dog  infested  by 
the  Taenia  Serialis  are  the  same  as  from  infestation 
with  other  tape  worms.  The  same  treatment  is  indi- 
cated. 

Taenia  Canina  (Canis— dog). 
Synonym. — Taenia  Cucumerina.    Dipylidium  Cani- 
num. 

Distributi07i. — The  most  common  tapeworm  found 
in  the  middle  West;  found  in  European  countries. 

Description. — The  head  is  suc- 
ceeded by  a  narrow,  short  neck; 
it  is  provided  with  a  club-shaped 
protractile  proboscis  which  is  lo- 
cated in  the  center  of  the  head 
between  four  sucker  discs ;  this 
proboscis  is  provided  with  four 
rows  of  small  booklets  which  point 
backward ;  by  means  of  this  pro- 
boscis and  the  sucker  discs  it  is 
enabled  to  hold  firmly  to  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  small  intes- 
tines of  its  host.  The  terminal 
segments  are  about  one-sixteenth 
of  an  inch  in  width  and  one  half  inch  long;  each  seg- 
ment is  provided  with  two  genital  pores,  one  located 
in  the  middle  of  each  lateral  side.  The  adult  worm 
measures  from  five  to  twelve  inches. 
Liie  History. — The  intermediate  host  of  the  Taenia 


Fiff.   72— 
Taenia  Canina. 

a,  Head. 

b,  Neck. 

c,  Genital  pore. 

d,  Ripe  segments 


PARASITOLOGY.  193 

Canina  is  the  biting  louse  (Trichodectes  Latus)  and 
the  flea  (Pulex  Serraticeps),  These  insect  parasites 
become  infested  while  procuring  food  which  is  con- 
taminated ;  the  minute  embryo  is  liberated  in  the  di- 
gestive tract,  migrates  to  the  abdominal  cavity  and 
there  forms  a  cyst  known  as  the  cryptocystis  tricho= 
dectis  (if  formed  in  the  louse)  or  cryptocystis 
pulecidae  (if  formed  in  the  flea).  The  dog,  by  biting 
itself  to  relieve  the  irritation  caused  by  these  insects, 
gets  them  in  its  mouth  ;  thus  the  larva,  which  consists 
of  the  scolex  or  head,  and  neck,  after  being  liberated 
through  digestion  finds  its  way  to  the  small  intes- 
tines, and  attaching  itself  to  the  mucous  membrane 
becomes  fully  developed  in  about  five  weeks. 

Animals  Infested. — The  adult  infests  the  dog  ; 
the  larval  or  cystic  form  infests  the  flea  and  louse  of 
the  dog. 

Symptoms.  —  7reatme?it. — Same  as  in  the  preceding 
species. 

Prophylaxis. — Keep  dogs  and  kennels  free  from 
fleas  and  lice ;  in  this  way  the  chain  of  the  life  cycle 
is  broken. 

TAPEWORMS   OF  THE  CAT. 

The  tapeworms  of  the  cat  are  armed  ;  the  following 
is  the  most  common. 

Taenia  Crassicollis. 

Distribution. — Found  in  the  United  States. 

Description. — The  worm  may  reach  the  length  of 
five  feet;  the  terminal  segments  are  longer  than  wide; 
the  head  is  provided  with  four  sucker  discs  and  a 
rostellum  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  booklets  ;  the  neck 
is  thick  and  short. 


194  PARASITOLOGY. 

Life  Cycle. — Rats  and  mice  become  infested 
through  food  and  water,  in  which  animals  the  cystic 
or  hydatic  stage  develops.  The  cyst  is  ovoid  in 
shape,  about  the  size  of  a  pea  and  contains  a  single 
larva;  the  cystic  form  is  called  cysticercus  fascio= 
laris. 

Ajiimals  Infested. — The  cat,  rat  and  mouse. 

Parts  Infested — The  adult  infests  the  intestines 
of  the  cat;  the  larval  or  cystic  form,  rats  and 
mice. 

Treatment. — Same  as  for  dogs,  with  corresponding 
smaller  dosage. 

BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE. 

This  family  includes  a  group  of  worms  which  are 
close  allies  of  the  tapeworms.  The  head  is  oblong 
and  is  provided  with  two  suckers  arranged  on  the 
sides  of  the  head  in  the  form  of  slits.  Each  segment 
is  provided  with  one  genital  pore,  which  is  located  in 
the  center  of  the  ventral  surface.  There  is  one 
genus,  viz.,  Bothriocephalus. 

BoTHRiocEPHALUS  Latus  (Bothrida — sucker) 

(Latus — broad) . 

Synonym. — Pit-headed  tapeworm. 

Distribution.  —  Found  in  Japan,  Switzerland, 
Holland  and  other  countries. 

Description.  —  Its  head  is  elongated  and  followed 
by  a  long,  slender  neck ;  the  head  is  provided  with 
two  suckers  in  the  form  of  slits,  located  on  the  sides 
of  the  head  ;  the  segments  are  very  short ;  the  widest 
ones  reach  one-half  inch  in  width.  The  genital  pore 
is  located  in  the  center  of  the  ventral  side  of  each 


PARASITOLOGY.  195 

segment ;  when  the  segment  is  full  of  mature  ova  it 
ruptures  and  the  ova  escape ;  the  segment  now 
shrinks,  which  gives  the  posterior  extremity  of  the 
worm  an  attenuated  appearance. 

Life  Cycle, — The  ovum  hatches  a  six-hooked  em- 
bryo, which  is  covered  with  cilia;  by  means  of  the 
cilia  it  is  enabled  to  move  about  in  the  water  in 
quest  of  an  intermediate  host,  which  is  a  fish;  in  the 
fish  it  develops  into  the  cystic  or  larval  form,  called 
the  plerocercoid.  Man  eating  the  fish  infested  with 
the  live  plerocercoid  develops  the  adult  Bothrioceph- 
alus  Latus. 

Animal  hifested. — Adult  infests  man;  larva  infests 
fish. 

Farts  hifested. — The  adult  infests  the  smal^  intes- 
tines. The  larval  or  cystic  form  infests  the  flesh  of 
fish. 


CHAPTER  III. 

PROTOZOA. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  MORE  COMMON 
PARASITIC  PROTOZOA. 

Branch Protozoa. 

Class Flagellata 

Order Monadida 

Family Trypanosomidae 

Genus  and  Species Trypanosoma  Evansi. 

Trypanosoma  Brucii. 

Trypanosoma     Equiper- 
dum. 

Trypanosoma  Equinum. 

Trypanosoma  Lewisi. 

Class Sporozoa 

Order... Coccidia 

Genus  and  Species Coccidium  Oviforme. 

Coccidium      Bigeminum 
var.  Canis. 

Coccidium  Perforans. 

Coccidium  Tenellum. 

Order Sarcosporidia 

Genus  and  Species Sarcocystis  Miescheri. 

Balbiania  Gigantea. 

Order Hemasporidia 

Genus  and  Species , Piroplasma  Bigeminum. 

Piroplasma  Ovis. 

Piroplasma  Canis. 

Piroplasma  Equi. 

Class Amoeba 

Genus  and  Species Amoeba  Parasitica. 

Amoeba  Meleagridis. 

Protozoa  (Proton — first) 
(Zoon — animal) 

The  word  protozoon   is    derived  from  two  words, 
protoon,  first   and   zoon,  animal.     It   is    the  first  or 

196 


PARASITOLOGY.  197 

lowest  form  of  animal  life.  The  single-cell  parasites 
are  classified  according  to  their  structure  or  mode  of 
reproduction.  The  branch  Protozoa  includes  three 
classes  of  interest  to  us, — viz.  Flagellata,  Sporozoa 
and  Amoeba. 

FLAGELLATA. 

The  class  Flagellata  includes  single  celled  para- 
sites that  are  provided  with  one  or  more  flagella ; 
by  the  aid  of  the  flagella  they  are  enabled  to  move 
about  in  the  liquid  substances  in  which  they  exist. 
Under  this  class  is  placed  one  order,  viz.,  Nonadida, 
and  one  important  family,  viz.,  Trypanosomidae. 

THE  TRYPANOSOMAS. 

Trypanosoma  Evansi  (Borer,  soma — body) 
(Evans). 

History. — Discovered  in  1880  by  Evans. 

Distribution. — Found  in  India,  Bombay,  Southern 
China  and  Indo-China,  Philippine  Islands. 

Desc7'iption. — The  protoplasmic  body  is  elongated, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  and  provided  with  a  nucleus  in 
the  center.  In  the  posterior  end  is  a  small  centro- 
some;  from  this  centrosome  there  proceeds  a  thread- 
like structure  which,  passing  the  anterior  end,  forms 
a  long,  projecting  flagellum  ;  by  this  flagellum  it  is 
enabled  to  rapidly  move  about  in  the  blood.  They 
are  twenty-five  microns  long  and  one-half  micron 
broad. 

Life  History. — The  Trypanosomas  are  found  free 
in  the  blood  plasma  and  obtain  their  nourishment  by 
osmosis  ;  multiplication  occurs  by  simple  cell  divi- 
sion; the  centrosome,  nucleus,  flagellum  and  proto- 


198  PARASITOLOGY. 

plasm  divide  into  two.  The  newly  formed  Trypano- 
somes  develop  to  full  sized  organisms  and  divide 
again.  An  insect, — as  a  blood  sucking  fly— feasting 
upon  an  animal  affected  with  surra,  becomes  infested 
and  in  turn  by  piercing  the  skin  of  another  animal 
to  draw  blood,  inoculates  it. 

Animals  Infested, — Horse,    camel,    elephant    and 
dog. 

Paris  Infested.— The  blood. 

Disease  Produced — Surra :  rot. 


Fig.  73— Trypanosoma  Evansi  and  blood  cells. 

Symptoms. — The  Trypanosoma  invades  the  blood 
stream  and  develops  very  rapidly ;  if  they  be  im- 
mediately introduced  into  the  blood  stream  they 
cause  the  first  symptoms  of  surra  to  appear  in  from 
six  to  eight  days.  Surra  is  marked  by  a  thermic 
disturbance ;  there  is  noticed  a  remittent  or  inter- 
mittent fever  which  lasts  for  several  weeks ;  erup- 
tions, resembling  those  of  urticaria,  may  appear ; 
petechia  o£  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  eyes  and 


PARASITOLOGY. 


199 


nose  may  be  observed;  there  may  be  a  nasal  dischargee 
and    swelling    of    the    submaxillary   lymph    glands ; 


there  is  a  loss  of  appetite,  a  stairy  coat  and  the  ani- 
mal gradually  becomes  emaciated  ;  swellings  appear 
in  the  region  of  the  chest,  abdomen,   sheath,   eta 


200  PARASITOLOGY. 

When  these  swelHng-s  are  incised  a  serum  escapes  in 
which  the  protozoa  can  be  found. 

Trypanosoma  Brucii  (Bruce). 

Distribution. — Found  in  Africa. 

Description. — The  Trypanosoma  Brucii  are  elon- 
gated and  more  pointed  at  the  flagellated  end ;  the  body- 
is  slightly  curved ;  the  nucleus  is  located  in  the  center, 
close  to  the  surface;  the  centrosome  is  in  the  blunt 
end  and  is  clearly  separated  from  the  flagellum.  The 
flagellum  proceeds  from  this  end,  follows  the  entire 
length  of  the  body,  and  projects  a  distance  out  from 
the  extremity,  forming  a  hair-like  appendage  as  in  the 
preceding  species.  The  protozoon  measures  about 
twenty-eight  microns  in  length  by  one-half  to  two 
microns  wide;  if  a  drop  of  blood  be  drawn  they  can 
be  found  actively  moving  about  in  it. 

Life  Cycle. — The  protozoon  divides  by  simple  cell 
division;  the  centrosome  becomes  larger  and  elong- 
ated, then  divides  into  two  ;  the  flagellum  becomes 
thickened  and  divides  likewise  into  two  ;  this  is  ac- 
companied by  a  like  division  of  the  nucleus.  The 
newly  formed  centrosome,  nucleus  and  flagellum  find 
their  way  to  their  respective  sides;  then  comes  the 
division  of  the  protoplasm  lengthwise.  The  two 
newly  formed  parasites  now  develop  to  full  size  and 
again  divide. 

Intermediate  Host. — The  Glossina  Morsitans  or 
tsetse  fly  is  the  transmitter  of  the  protozoon. 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  ass,  mule,  ox  and 
dog. 

Parts  hifested. — Found  free  in  the  blood. 

Disease  Produced. — Nagana  ;  tsetse  fly  disease. 


PARASITOLOGY.  201 

Symptoms.— ThQ  period  of  incubation  is  about  five 
days ;  the  temperature  may  reach  106  degrees  Fah, 
SwelHng  appears  in  various  parts  of  the  body,  as  the 
chest,  abdomen  or  head  ;  there  is  a  loss  of  appetite, 
anemia  and  gradual  emaciation. 

Trypanosoma  Equiperdum   (Equus— horse). 

Distribution. — America  and  Europe. 

Description. — The  general  appearance  and  method 
of  cell  division  does  not  differ  from  the  description 
given  in  the  two  preceding  species  ;  the  distinction 
between  the  species  is  largely  by  the  symptoms  and 
lesions  produced.  The  protozoon  measures  about 
twenty  microns  long,  one  and  one-half  to  two  microns 
broad ;  it  is  a  trifle  shorter  than  the  Trypanosoma 
Brucii. 

Life  Cycle. — Its  mode  of  multiplication  is  the  same 
as  in  the  preceding  species  ;  the  method  of  inocula- 
tion is  by  coition  ;  the  diseased  genital  organ  con- 
veyes  the  protozoon ;  the  Trypanosoma  is  found  in 
the  blood  and  also  in  the  serum  from  the  oedematous 
and  ulcerous  parts- 

Animals  Infested. — The  horse,  ass  and  dog. 

Parts  Infested. — Primarily  genital  organs ;  later 
other  parts. 

Name  of  Disease. — Maladie  du  coit;  dourine; 
equine  syphilis. 

Symptoms. — In  the  mare  oedemat'S  e^wellings  ap- 
pear in  the  vulvar  region,  which  de  elo;3  in  eight  to 
ten  days  after  coition  ;  in  the  hore  ),  iii  the  sheath, 
scrotum  and  penis  ;  the  skin  over  these  organs  may 
show  eruptions,  in  the  form  of  vesicles;  later,  after 
the   vesicles    have    ruptured,    white    spots   appear. 


202  PARASITOLOGY. 

The  inguinal  lymph  glands  which  receive  the  lymph 
from  these  parts  become  swollen  ;  later,  fibrous  de- 
generation may  take  place  both  in  these  glands  and 
the  testicles ;  the  testicles  may  contain  cavities  of 
caseous  pus;  there  may  develop  ulcerous  patches  on 
the  penis,  sheath  and  vulva.  In  later  stages  the 
nerve  tissue,  kidneys,  lymph  glands  and  other  or- 
gans become  infested. 

Trypanosoma  Equinum. 

Distribution. — Found  in  Brazil,  Paraguay,  Bolivia 
and  Argentine  Republic. 

Description. — This  protozoon  has  the  same  general 
appearance  as  the  trypanosoma  Brucii,  and  multiplies 
in  like  manner.  It  measures  from  twenty-two  to 
twenty-four  microns  long  and  about  one  and  one-half 
microns  broad. 

Life  Cycle. — It  passes  through  the  same  changes 
as  the  preceding  species.  The  animals  probably  be- 
come inoculated  by  blood-sucking  flies. 

Aniniah  Infested. — The  horse  and,  by  experimental 
inoculation,  ox,  sheep,  pig  and  dog. 

Part  Infested.— ThQ  blood. 

Disease  Produced. — Mai  de  caderas ;  disease  of 
hind  quarters;  flagellosis  of  equidae. 

Symptoms. — High  elevations  of  temperature;  the 
animal  becomes  weak  and  sluggish.  The  weakness 
is  greatest  in  the  hind  quarters.  Later  he  sways 
from  side  to  side  ;  scarcely  able  to  move ;  gradual 
emaciation  ;  down,  unable  to  rise  ;  death. 

Trypanosoma  Lewisi  (Lewis) 
Distribution. — Found  in  Cuba  and  other  countries. 
Description. — It   somewhat   resembles   the   other 


PARASITOLOGY.  203 

trypanosomes  and  is  about  twenty-five  microns  long 
and  one  and  one-half  microns  broad. 

Animals  Infested. — Rats. 

Part  Infested. — The  blood. 

Condition  Produced. — The  mode  of  infection  is  sup- 
posed to  be  by  means  of  lice  and  fleas.  The  rats 
suffer  no  inconvenience  from  this  infestation,  and 
therefore  it  must  be  considered  non-pathogenic  for 
this  animal. 

SPOROZOA    (Spore;   zoon— animal) . 

The  class  Sporozoa  includes  a  group  of  single- 
celled  microorganisms  provided  with  a  protoplasmic 
cell  body  in  wdiich  is  found  a  nucleus.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  a  limiting  membrane.  The  method  of  re- 
production is  by  the  formation  of  spore  corpuscles, 
or  the  division  of  the  nucleus  and  protoplasm  into 
several  parts.  Three  orders  of  this  class  interest 
us,  viz.,  Coccidia,  Sarcosporidia  and  Hemasporidia. 

CocciDiUM  OviFORME  (Coccum — a  kernel). 

Synonym. — Psorospermia  ovi forme.  Eimeria  stie- 
dae. 

Distribution. — Found  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe. 

Description. — A  single-celled  animal  organism, 
ovoid  in  shape,  and  forty  to  fifty  microns  long  by 
twenty-two  to  twenty-eight  microns  thick.  It  is  pro- 
vided with  a  double  limiting  membrane.  The  nu- 
cleus is  three  times  as  large  as  that  of  an  epithelial 
cell;  it  readily  stains  with  hematoxylin. 

Life  Cycle. — From  the  protoplasm  of  the  adult 
Coccidium  there  is  developed  small,  rounded,  nucle- 
ated masses  (the  spores).  At  first  the  diameter 
measures  from  nine  to  ten  microns;  this  body  grows 


204  PARASITOLOGY. 

till  it  increases  to  twenty;  later  there  is  developed 
around  this  spherical  mass  a  limiting  membrane;  as 
the  development  progresses  the  protoplasm  sepa- 
rates from  the  cell  wall ;  it  then  divides  into  two,  then 
into  four  bodies  called  sporoblasts;  each  sporoblast 
divides  into  two  corpuscles.  Each  of  the  corpuscles, 
under  favorable  conditions,  becomes  an  amoeboid 
individual,  capable  of  invading  epithelial  cells. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  sheep,  goat,  pig,  rabbit 
and  man. 

Parts  Infested. — ^Epithelial  cells  of  the  intestinal 
mucous  membrane  and  liver  cells. 

Name  of  Disease. — Coccidiosis.  When  the  liver  cells 
are  invaded  it  causes  coccidian  hepatitis.  When 
the  intestinal  epithelial  cells  are  invaded  it  causes 
intestinal  coccidiosis. 

Condition  Produced. — When  the  intestinal  mucosa  is 
infested  there  is  a  fetid  diarrhoea,  an  elevation  of 
temperature,  loss  of  appetite,  weakness,  followed  by 
death.  On  autopsy  there  is  found  a  thickened,  red- 
dened mucous  membrane  with  ulcerated  patches ;  the 
mesenteric  lymph  glands  are  enlarged.  If  the  liver 
is  infested,  small,  round  abscesses,  varying  in  size  to 
a  hazel  nut,  are  observed;  these  abscesses  are  filled 
with  a  thick,  creamy  or  cheesy  pus;  the  wall  is  thick 
and  the  inner  surface  velvety  in  appearance;  often 
the  liver  is  several  times  its  normal  size,  thoroughly 
studded  with  small  abscesses.  The  carcass  will  be 
in  an  emaciated  condition. 

CocciDiUM  BiGEMiNUM,  Variety  Canis  (Bis — twice) 

(Canis — dog). 

Synonyms. — Tetrasporous  Coccidia ;  Cystosperm- 
ium  Villarum  IntestinaUum  Canis. 


PARASITOLOGY.  205 

Distributiojt. — Found  in  America  and  Europe. 

Description. — These  protozoa  are  elliptical  micro- 
scopic bodies  from  twelve  to  fifteen  microns  long  by 
seven  to  ten  microns  broad,  and  are  found  in  pairs. 
In  the  center  is  a  small  granular  nucleus. 

Life  Cycle. — The  protoplasm  of  the  parent  cell  di- 
vides into  four  elongated  spores,  which  are  capable 
of  invading  new  tissues,  and  which  develop  into 
mature  form. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  dog  and  rabbit. 

Parts  Infested. — Air  passages  and  bowels. 

Condition  Produced. — Catarrhal  inflammation  of 
nitestinal  mucosa,  lodged  immediately  beneath  the 
epithelial  cells ;  they  are  not  attributed  as  causing 
serious  disturbance.  They  have  been  found  in  the 
intestinal  mucosa  of  healthy  dogs. 

CocciDiuM   Perforans    (Per — through) 

(For are — to  bore). 

Distribution. — Reported  in  European  countries; 
first  reported  in  cattle  in  1877. 

Description. — Rather  ovoid  in  shape,  measuring 
twenty-five  to  thirty-five  microns  long  and  fourteen 
to  twenty  microns  broad;  the  adult  produces  corpus- 
cles which  invade  the  tissue  and  develop  to  full  adult 
size. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Parts  Infested. — Intestines. 

Condition  Produced. — They  are  found  infesting  the 
the  upper  air  passage ;  thickening  and  inflammation 
of  the  mucosa  of  the  stomach  and  the  intestines :  the 
mesenteric  lymph  glands,  liver  and  spleen  are  also  in 
a  state  of  inflammation.  The  lesions  all  contain  the 
coccidia. 


206 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.  75 — Sarcocystis  Miescheri.     Drawing  made  witii  Camera  Lucida. 

1,  Longitudinal   section  of  sarcocyst   showing  it  enclosed   in  heart 
muscle  cell.    (3) 

2,  Nucleus   heart  muscle   cell. 

3,  Longitudinal   section   heart   muscle   cell. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


307 


TT,-^    7R      «!arcooTStis  ^liesoheri.     Drawing  made  with   Camera  lucida. 
^'f  Cr^f  se^cuJn    'arc^^^^      muscle  cell  enclosingr  sarcocyst  ruptured. 

2,  Cross   section   of   heart  muscle   cell. 

3,  Fibrous    connective   tissue. 


208  PARASITOLOGY. 

Symptoms.— Loss  of  appetite,  elevation  of  temper- 
ature, 102°  to  105°;  sunken  eyes;  grinding  of  teeth; 
later,  fetid  diarrhoea;  feces  may  be  streaked  with 
blood ;  may  prove  fatal  in  one  or  two  days,  or  patient 
may  live  two  or  three  weeks. 

Treatment. — Intestinal  antiseptics,  as  eucamphol  or 
kreso  solutions. 

CocciDiUM  Tenellum. 

Distribution. — 'Found  throughout  the  United  States. 

Description. — The  resting  stage  is  a  small  micro- 
scopic oval  cell  containing  a  small  nucleus.  They  have 
a  double  enveloping  membrane  and  a  granular  con- 
tent. The  size  varies  greatly,  being  from  15  to  28 
microns  long  and  15  to  22  microns  broad. 

Life  Cycle. — The  oocyst  divides  into  four  sporob- 
lasts  and  these  in  turn  into  two  sporozoits.  When 
these  sporozoits  penetrate  the  epithelial  cells  they 
form  first  trophozoites  then  schizonts,  which  gives 
rise  to  several  merozoites. 

Animals  Infested. — Chicks. 

Parts  Infested. — Caecum  and  small  intestines. 

Conditions  Produced. — 'A  local  point  of  inflamma- 
tion where  they  invade  the  mucosa  which  is  followed 
later  by  ulceration.  It  produces  a  condition  in  chicks 
known  as  white  diarrhoea. 

SARCOSPORrDiA   (Sporidum — a  spore) 
(Sarx — ^flesh). 

This  order,  Sarcosporidia,  belongs  to  the  class 
Sporozoa,  and  includes  single-celled  parasites  that 
infest  the  muscle  structures. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


209 


Pigr.    77. 


Fig.    78. 


Fig.  77. — The  transverse  section  through  the  caecum  of  a  chick 
that  died  of  white  diarrhoea;  a,  muscular  layer  which,  at  some 
points,  is  invaded  by  the  protozoori,  Coccidium  tenellum.  The 
glands  of  the  mucous  membrane  have  all  disappeared  except  small 
remnants  indicated  by  b;  c,  granular  degenerated  mass  from  dis- 
solution  of   the  mucous  membrane,    magnified    100   times. 

Fig.  78. — The  area  in  the  circle  indicated  by  b  in  Fig.  21,  magni- 
fied 900  times.  The  letters  indicate  the  protozoon  parasite  in 
various  stages  of  development;  a,  oocyst;  b,  first  stage  of  sporo- 
blast;  c,  first  stage  of  sporozoit;  d,  the  schizont  showing  within 
the  merozoits.  These  are  surrounded  by  a  disintegrating  cell  mass; 
e,  shows  white  blood  cells  (polymorphonuclear  neutrophiles). — 
From   Kaupp's    Diseases  of    Poultry. 


Sarcocystis  Miescheri    (Miescher). 

Synonyms. — Utricles  of  Miescheri;  Rainey's  cor- 
puscles. 

Distribution. — Common  in  the  United  States;  dis- 
covered in  1843  by  Miescher.  In  sections  of  the 
oesophagus  of  the  hog  and  sheep  examined  in  the 
laboratory  of  the  Kansas  City  Veterinary  College 
these  parasites  have  been  found  to  be  very  common. 


210  PARASITOLOGY. 

Description. — The  adult  is  elongated,  tapering  at 
both  ends;  it  measures  two  to  three  millimeters  in 
length  and  eighty  to  two  hundred  microns  wide;  it 
presents  a  granular  appearance,  due  to  spores,  and  is 
surrounded  by  a  limiting  membrane. 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  pig,  sheep  and  horse. 

Parts  Infested. — Muscle  structures. 

Conditions  Produced. — The  sarcocyst  is  located 
under  the  sarcolemma,  lying  longitudinally  of  the 
muscle  fibre.  Pigs  whose  muscle  structures  become 
badly  infested  are  noted  to  show  symptoms  of  weak- 
ness, partial  paralysis,  loss  of  appetite,  unthrifty 
appearance.  In  a  cow  which  was  badly  infested 
there  was  noted  restlessness ;  constant  getting  up 
and  down;  she  presented  an  unthrifty  appearance: 
skin  dry  and  rough ;  severe  diarrhoea ;  the  fecal 
discharge  had  a  putrid  odor;  temperature  105.5^ 
Fahrenheit;  pulse  108,  soft  and  compressible;  respi- 
ration shallow  and  hurried.  She  gradually  grew 
weaker  and  died.  Only  the  liver  and  heart  were 
saved  and  studied  by  aid  of  the  microscope ;  in  these 
myriads  of  sarcocysts  were  found,  as  illustrated  by 
Figs.  75  and  76. 

Balbiania  Gigantea   (Balbiana). 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe.  As  yet  there  is 
no  record  of  their  being  found  in  the  United  States. 

Description. — This  sarcospore  appears  as  a  whitish 
spot  and  varies  in  size  from  a  rye  grain  to  a  hazel  nut. 
It  has  a  thin  outer  membrane;  the  interior  is  filled 
with  cells.  In  the  larger  bodies  there  is  located  a 
capsule  the  size  of  a  pin-head,  which  contains  cres- 
cent-shaped non-nucleated   bodies. 


PARASITOLOGY.  211 

Animals  Infested. — The  ox,  sheep,  pig  and  goat. 

Parts  Infested. — Most  common  in  the  oesophagus; 
also  found  in  the  muscles  of  the  trunk,  head,  and 
heart. 

Conditions  Produced. — They  may  cause  an  effusion 
into  the  tissues.  If  only  a  few  are  present  no  harm 
comes  from  the  infestation;  many  may  cause  con- 
ditions similar  to  that  produced  by  the  Coccidia. 

Hemasporidia  (Hemo — blood) 

( Sporidum — spore) . 

The  order  Hemasporidia  belongs  to  the  class 
Sporozoa,  and  includes  the  genus  Piroplasma. 

PiROPLASMA   BiGEMINUM    (Bis twice) 

(Geminus — twin) . 

Synonyms. — Pirosoma  Bigeminum  (soma — body), 
Piroplasma  Bovis,  Apisoma  Bigeminum,  Ambospor- 
idies,  Portensis  Virulentissimus,  Babesia  Bigeminum 
Bovis. 

Distribution. — Found  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
United  States ;  also  in  other  warm  countries. 

Description. — They  are  pear-shaped  protoplasmic 
bodies  three  to  four  microns  long. 

Life  Cycle. — The  adult  protozoon  inhabits  the  red 
blood  cell.  From  this  pear-shaped  adult  is  formed 
corpuscles  which  are  capable  of  invading  other 
cells.  The  pear-shaped  body  becomes  rounded,  then 
divided  into  three  to  five  corpuscles;  these  corpuscles 
have  been  noted  to  possess  amoeboid  movement, 
and  are  capable  of  invading  new  red  blood  cells. 
These  divide  into  two  parts,  which  develop  to  the 
full  sized  pear-shaped  bodies;  the  pointed  ends  of 
these  protozoa  are  usually  close  together,  joined  with 
a  fine  film.     The  tick,  feasting  upon  an  infested  ox, 


212  PARASITOLOGY, 

takes  the  infested  blood  cells  into  its  intestinal  tract; 
the  piroplasma  leaves  the  red  blood  cell,  passes 
through  a  change  in  which  new  bodies  are  formed; 
these  new  corpuscles  leave  the  intestines  and  migrate 
to  the  ovary;  thus  the  egg  becomes  infested.  These 
virulent  protozoa  are  contained  in  the  larva,  and 
after  it  emerges  from  the  egg  it  is  capable  of  inocu- 
lating susceptible  cattle. 

Parts  Infested. — The  red  blood  cells ;  may  be  found 
free  in  the  plasma. 

Name  of  Disease. — Texas  fever ;  splenic  fever ; 
Spanish  fever;  tick  fever;  red  water;  black  water; 
southern  cattle  fever;  Australian  tick  fever. 

Condition  Produced. — -The  liver  is  congested,  bile 
thick  and  granular;  fat  is  icteric  (jaundice);  the 
spleen  is  enormously  enlarged  and  contents  consist- 
ency of  blackberry  jam;  kidneys  congested;  urine 
port-wine  colored;  cancellated  portion  of  the  bone 
is  black.    An  animal  so  affected  is  unfit  for  food. 

Symptoms. — The  animal  has  a  loss  of  appetite; 
unthrifty  appearance;  rise  in  temperature  accom- 
panied by  an  accelerated  respiration  and  pulse.  The 
back  is  arched;  animal  stays  off  to  itself;  port-wine 
colored  urine,  hence  the  chronic  form  has  been  called 
red  water,  or  bloody  murrain. 

A  condition  produced  by  some  species  of  the 
genus  Piroplasma  is  called  piroplasmosis. 

Treatment. — In  all  forms  of  piroplasmosis  of  the 
blood  stream  the  essential  treatment  would  be  quinine 
in  full  medicinal  doses. 

Piroplasma  Ovis   (Ovis — sheep). 

Distribution. — Found  in  Montana  and  other  locali- 
ties in  the  United  States. 


PARASITOLOGY.  213 

Description. — The  protozoa  is  round  or  oval  in 
shape  and  from  one-tenth  to  one-sixth  the  diameter 
of  a  red  blood  cell.  They  show  amoeboid  movement. 
From  one  to  four  are  found  in  a  cell.  They  may 
also  be  found  free  in  the  serum. 

Animals  Infested. — The  sheep. 

Parts  Infested. — The  red  blood  cells. 

Name  of  Disease. — Ictero-hematuria. 


Fig.    79. — Piroplasma  Ovis. 

Showing  the  protozoa  some  In  the  red  blood  cells,  some  free. 


214  PARASITOLOGY. 

Condition  Produced. — The  disease  usually  runs  a 
rapid  and  fatal  course ;  the  animal  does  not  greatly 
lose  in  flesh  in  these  acute  attacks.  The  spleen  is 
enlarged  and  contents  like  blackberry  jam;  the  kid- 
neys dark  and  congested ;  the  urine  port-wine  col- 
ored; the  fat  icteric;  the  liver  congested.  An  animal 
so  affected  is  unfit  for  food. 

Symptoms. — The  sheep  at  first  show  dullness,  loss 
•of  appetite;  stay  apart  from  balance  of  flock;  arched 
back;  weak;  elevation  of  temperature,  pule  and 
respiration.  Swellings  may  be  noted  in  the  head  or 
neck.  The  duration  of  the  disease  is  twenty-four 
hours  to  four  days. 

PiROPLASMA  Canis  (Cauis — dog). 

Distribution. — Found  in  Europe  and  Africa. 

Description. — The  protozoon  is  larger  than  the 
Piroplasma  Bovis,  when  only  one  is  found  in  a  single 
red  blood  cell ;  as  many  as  ten  or  twelve  have  been 
counted;  when  many  are  found  they  are  small, 
rounded  and  may  be  irregular  in  their  outline.  Their 
amoeboid  movement  has  been  noted  in  the  blood 
cells  of  the  fresh  specimens.  They  are  noted  to 
elongate  their  bodies,  then  contract  into  spherical 
masses.  The  cells  present  a  swollen  appearance 
and  are  pale  in  color.  After  the  acute  stage  of  the 
disease  has  passed,  the  parasite  apparently  ceases 
its  movements,  remains  stationary  and  has  a  round- 
ed contour. 

Life  Cycle. — The  parasite  multiplies  in  the  red 
blood  cell.  The  nucleus  of  the  adult  becomes  elon- 
gated, then  constricted  in  the  center,  finally  dividing 
into  two.     The  newly  formed  nuclei  pass  to  the  side 


PARASITOLOGY.  215 

of  the  cell,  opposite  each  other;  now  begins  the  con- 
striction of  the  protoplasm;  finally  only  a  film  holds 
the  two  newly  formed  corpuscles  together.  These 
corpuscles  are  at  first  pear-shaped;  later  the  nucleus 
passes  to  the  center  and  the  corpuscles  become  round. 
This  process  goes  on  till  as  many  as  sixteen  corpuscles 
may  be  formed.  The  great  distention  of  the  cell 
caused  by  the  corpuscles  causes  it  to  rupture.  These 
newly  formed  corpuscles  possess  amoeboid  movement 
and  invade  new  cells,  where  they  develop  to  full  size. 

Animal  Infested. — The  dog. 

Part  Infested. — The  red  blood  cell. 

A^ame  of  Disease. — Canine  piroplasmosis ;  malig- 
nant malarial  jaundice. 

Condition  Produced. — The  spleen  is  two  or  three 
times  its  normal  size,  black  and  soft.  The  liver  is 
congested;  the  bile  thick  and  granular;  the  kidneys 
are  congested  and  friable;  the  urine  is  port-wine  col- 
ored; medulla  of  the  bone  is  congested;  the  fat  is 
yellow. 

Symptoms. — Loss  of  appetite;  high  elevation  of 
temperature ;  icteric  visible  mucous  membranes ;  great 
prostration  and  finally  death. 

PiROPLASMA  Eoui  (Equus — horsc). 

Distribution. — Africa,  China,  Russia,  and  Philip- 
pines. 

Description. — The  parasite  is  crescent-shaped  and 
takes  staining  deeply  in  its  center.  It  varies  from 
one-half  to  two  microns  in  length. 

Animal  Infested. — The  horse. 


216  PARASITOLOGY. 

Parts  Infested. — The  red  blood  cells. 

Name  of  Disease. — Equine  piroplasmosis ;  paludism 
in  horse. 

Hozv  Transmitted. — In  Russia  said  to  be  trans- 
mitted by  the  Dermacenter  electus. 

Condition  Produced. — Fat  is  icteric;  mucous  and 
serous  membranes  may  be  marked  with  petechia;  the 
liver  is  engorged  with  blood,  and  yellowish  in  color ; 
the  kidneys  are  congested  and  softened;  the  lungs 
may  be  congested.  Dropsical  swellings  may  appear  in 
chronic  cases. 

Symptoms. — Great  depression,  weakness,  unsteady 
gait ;  loss  of  appetite ;  high  elevation  of  temperature 
(103°  to  105°  Fahrenheit);  accelerated  respiration. 
The  lungs  may  become  congested  and  a  foamy  mucous 
discharge  from  the  nostrils;  in  the  latter  case  the 
respirations  would  be  hurried  and  painful ;  in  later 
stages  port-wine  colored  urine.  Death  occurs  in  acute 
cases  in  from  a  few  hours  to  five  or  six  days.  Chronic 
cases  may  last  two  to  three  months. 

AMO EB A  ( Amoebas — change) . 

The  class  amoeba  includes  a  single-celled  group  of 
parasites  that  are  provided  with  a  nucleus  and  pro- 
toplasm and  possess  amoeboid  movement.  They  in- 
fest various  parts  of  the  body. 

Amoeba  Parasitica   (Amoebas — change) 

(Parasitus — eating   beside). 

Synonym. — Amoeba  Principes. 

Distribution.— ¥o\xr\6.  in  Australia ;  not  reported  in 
the  United  States. 

Description. — ^A  single-celled  protozoon  apparently 
identical  with  the  Amoeba  Principes  of  fresh  water. 

Animals  Infested. — Sheep. 


PARASITOLOGY.  217 

Parts  Infested. — Feet,  lips,  gums  and  nostrils. 

Symptoms. — Manifests  itself  as  ulcerous  patches 
on  lips,  gums,  nostrils,  and  involves  the  sensitive  struc- 
tures of  the  foot.  The  granular  masses  found  in  the 
ulcers  contain  the  amoeba. 

Treatment. — ^Copperas  solution  or  any  antiseptic  as 
a  one-percent  solution  of  kreso  or  creolin. 

Amoeba  Meleagridis. 

Distrihuiion. — Found  in  various  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

Description. — They  are  microscopic  granular  proto- 
plasmic masses  from  ten  to  fifteen  microns  in 
diameter. 

Animal  Infested. — The  turkey  and  occasionally  the 
hen. 

Parts  Infested. — Caecum  and  liver. 

Symptoms. —Loss  of  appetite ;  droopy ;  head  down ; 
diarrhoea;  feathers  erect;  emaciation  and  death. 
Most  fatal  in  young  birds  from  one  to  four  months 
old. 

Condition  Produced. — Thickening  of  the  walls  of 
the  caecum  due  to  inflammation  as  a  result  of  the  in- 
vasion of  the  protozoon  and  ulceration.  The  liver  is 
congested  or  inflamed,  has  brownish  or  yellowish 
areas  of  degeneration  and  necrosis  and  edema  in 
region  of  heart.  There  is  a  blackish  discoloration  of 
the  head.  A  systemic  eosinophilia  is  noted.  Cloudy 
swelling  of  focal  necrosis  has  been  noted  in  the 
kidney. 

Name  of  Disease. — Entero-hepatitis,  black  head. 
Treatment. — Intestinal    antiseptics,    as    teaspoonful 
doses    of    listerine,    bi-chloride    of    mercury    solution 
one   to   ten   thousand,   or    carbolic   acid   one   to   five 
hundred. 


218 


PARASITOLOGY. 


Fig.  80. — Liver  from  a  case  of  Black-Head.  En- 
tero  hepatitis,  in  a  turkey.  Photograph.  This  liver 
v^eighed  452  grams  (about  one  pound)  ;  a,  indicates 
the  yellowish-white  necrotic  areas,  lesions  of  the 
disease. — From  Kaupp's  Diseases  of  Poultry. 


PARASITOLOGY. 


210 


O- 


Fig.  81. 

Fig.  81. — A  section  of  liver.  Fig.  80,  from  the  area 
marked  by  h,  magnified  900  diameters;  stained  witih  hema- 
toxylin and  eosin;  a.  liver  cells  showing  cloudy  swelling; 
b,  liver  cells  undergoing  disintegration:  c,  congested  blood 
vessels,  passive  congestion;  d,  white  blood  cells  (eosino- 
philes)  so  abundant  in  the  blood  and  diseased  tissues  in 
this  disease;  e.  the  protozoon  causing  the  disease. — From 
Kaupp's  Diseases  of  Poultry. 


CHAPTER   IV. 

TO  PRESERVE  INSECT  PARASITES. 

In  collecting  specimens  place  them  in  a  bottle 
containing  a  piece  of  gum  camphor.  After  the  in- 
sect is  dead  it  can  be  mounted  on  a  block  of  wood 
by  means  of  a  pin  thrust  through  the  thorax.  Dark 
or  black  parasites  should  be  mounted  on  a  light 
back-ground.  These  can  be  placed  in  suitable 
bottles  with  moth  ball  or  gum  camphor,  and  will  keep 
indefinitely.  Another  way  is  to  fill  the  bottle  with 
alcohol.  This  forms  a  good  preservative  and  does 
not  rust  the  pins. 

TO  MOUNT   ECTOZOA. 

1.  Wash  in  alcohol  till  all  dirt  is  removed  from 
the  parasite. 

2.  Place  specimen  in   xylol  for  five  minutes. 

3.  Mount  in  Canada  balsam. 

By  this  method  lice,  gnats,  parts  of  flies,  ticks,  and 
scab  parasites  can  be  satisfactorily  studied.  Thus 
preserved  the  specimen  will  keep  indefinitely.  In 
mounting  thick  specimens  the  glass  or  rubber  cells 
may  be  used.  Keep  slide  face  up,  as  in  the  summer 
the  Canada  balsam  will  become  soft  and  the  speci- 
men gravitate  to  one  side  if  the  slide  be  kept  edge- 
wise. 

TO  PRESERVE  ENTOZOA. 

1.  The  Keiserling  method  may  be  used. 

2.  A  four  percent  solution  of  formalin, 

3.  Alcohol. 

220 


PARASITOLOGY.  221 

If  alcohol  be  used  then  the  parasite  should  be 
placed  in  a  25%  solution  for  one  week.  Then  a  50% 
solution  for  one  week.  Then  a  75%  solution  for  one 
week.  Then  absolute.  Alcohol  has  a  tendency  to 
shrivel  the  tissues  of  round  worms.  Formalin  has  a 
tendency  to  expand  or  swell  the  tissues,  hence  some 
worms,  as  the  Stephanurus  Dentatus,  have  a  tendency 
to  rupture  at  the  genital  or  anal  openings,  if  too 
strong  a  solution  be  used. 

For  museum  purposes  the  smaller  specimens  can 
be  placed  between  two  glass  slides  held  together 
with  silk  thread  tied  together  at  each  end  and  placed 
in  an  upright  position  in  the  fluid.  The  back  slide 
should  be  covered  with  black  shellac  and  allowed  to 
dry  before  being  used. 

TO  STAIN  AND  MOUNT  ENTOZOA. 

When  collecting  worms  for  laboratory  study  they 
should  be  immediately  placed  in  the  following  solu- 
tion : 

50  parts  of  70%  alcohol. 

50  parts  aqueous  solution  bichloride  of  mercury. 

A  few  drops  acetic  acid. 

The  parasite  thus  killed  and  preserved  should  then 
be  washed  in  a  gentle  stream  of  water  for  several 
hours.  Then  place  in  25%  alcohol  for  twenty-four 
hours;  then  absolute.  The  parasites  stain  with 
either  alcoholic  eosin  or  picric  acid  stains ;  hema- 
toxylin or  methylene  blue  can  be  used  for  secondary 
stain  if  desired.  After  staining  the  desired  shade  (the 
time  of  which  varies  with  the  species  of  worm)  the 
specimen    should  be  clarified  in  xylol,  oil  cedar  or 


222         '  PARASITOLOGY. 

oil  of  cloves.  The  first  clearing  agent  will  perhaps 
give  the  best  results,  or  as  soon  as  the  worms  are  col- 
lected and  washed,  dropped  in  an  80%  alcohol  at  80°. 
This  causes  the  worms  to  straighten  out  and  kills  them 
at  once.  They  are  then  placed  in  80%  alcohol  to  which 
10%  glycerin  has  been  added  then  20%  glycerin  grad- 
ually increasing  to  full  strength  till  the  bodies  are 
clarified.  The  internal  anatomy  can  now  be  studied. 
The  parasites  may  be  stained  with  alcoholic  eosin  and 
clarified  in  beechwood  creosote  and  kept  in  small  bot- 
tles in  creosote  or  mounted  in  Canada  balsam.  Care 
must  be  exercised  in  placing  them  in  the  glycerine  to 
not  let  them  stay  too  long  lest  they  become  too  trans- 
parent. 

PRESERVATION  OF  MUSEUM  SPECIMENS. 

The  Keiserling  method  gives  the  best  results  be- 
cause the  tissues  retain  their  normal  color.  This 
method  consists  of  three  steps  as  follows  : 

1.  Place  in  the  following  solution  and  leave  from 
one  to  seven  days,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the 
specimen  : 

Formalin 200cc 

Potassium  Acetate 30  grams 

Potassium  Nitrate 15  grams 

Water 1000  cc 

2.  Pass  the  specimen  through  each  of  the  follow* 
ing  solutions,  leaving  it  in  each  for  twenty-four 
hours.     This  should  restore  the  normal  color  : 

40%  Alcohol      ■ 

60%  Alcohol 

80%  Alcohol 

95%  Alcohol 


PARASITOLOGY.  225 

3.  Place  in  the  following  solution  permanently  . 

Glycerine 4  cc 

Potassium  Acetate 4  grams 

Water 40  cc 

Mix 

PREPARING  SPECIMENS  TO  BE  SENT  TO 
THE  LABORATORY. 

1.  Obtain  specimens  as  fresh  as  possible. 

2.  Wash  clean  in  water. 

3.  The  specimen  should  now  be  placed  in  a  four 
percent  formalin  solution.  The  receptacle  for  the 
specimen  should  be  large  enough  so  that  it  will  not 
be  crushed  in  taking  it  out. 

TO   STAIN   ANY  PROTOZOA   IN   THE 
BLOOD  CELL. 

1.  Make  smear  by  obtaining  a  drop  of  blood  on  a 
slide  then  with  another  slide  scrape  off  the  excess. 
This  leaves  a  thin  film. 

2.  Air  dry. 

3.  Cover  with  Wright's  stain.  Leave  for  one  or 
two  minutes. 

4.  Add  distilled  water  drop  by  drop  and  agitate 
for  two  minutes. 

5.  Wash  with  water  until  you  leave  the  color  you 
desire. 

6.  Air  dry. 

7.  Mount  in  Canada  balsam. 


224  PAIL\SITOLOGY. 

TO  STAIN  THE  TRYPANOSOMA, 

1.  Obtain  blood  smear  as  above. 

2.  Air  dry. 

3.  Fix  by  dropping    the  slide  in  alcohol    for  two 
minutes. 

4.  Cover   with  methylene   blue  or  gentian  violet 
one  to  three  minutes. 

5.  Wash  in  water. 

6.  Air  dry. 

7.  Mount  in  Canada  balsam. 


TO   STAIN   COCCIDIA,   SARCOSPORIDIA   OR 
AMOEBA  MELEAGRIDIS  IN  TISSUES. 

THE  PREPARATION  OF  TISSUE. 

1.  Secure  block  of  tissue  one-fourth  inch  square. 

2.  Place  in  four  percent  formalin  solution  twenty- 
four  hours. 

3.  Place  in  alcohol  and  ether  equal  parts  twenty^ 
four  hours. 

4.  Place  in  thin  celloidin  twenty-four  hours. 

5.  Place  in  thick  celloidin  twenty-four  hours. 

6.  Block  on  tile  or  wood. 

7.  Cut  eight  to  ten  microns  thick. 

TO  STAIN  THE  PROTOZOA  AND  TISSUES. 

1.  Cover  section  with  Delafield's  hematoxylin  one- 
half  to  two  minutes. 

2.  Wash  in  water. 

3.  Stain  two  minutes  in  a  one  percent   aqueous 
eosin  solution. 


PARASITOLOGY.  225 

4.  Wash 

5.  Dehydrate  with  alcohol. 

6.  Clarify  with  olive  oil,  xylol  or  cedar  oil. 

7.  Absorb  clarifying  fluid  with  blotting  or  filter 
paper. 

8.  Mount  in  Canada  balsam. 

TO  STAIN  ENCYSTED  TRICHINA. 

Prepare  the  block  of  tissue  and  section  the  same 
as  for  coccidia. 

The  following  staining  method  stains  the  nuclei 
of  the  cells  violet  or  deep  blue  ;  the  cell  bodies 
and  intercellular  substance  red  : 

1.  Immerse  the  section  in  hematoxylin  three  to 
five  minutes. 

2.  Wash  in  water. 

3.  Add  a  drop  of  weak  hydrochloric  acid  1  minutec 

4.  Wash  in  water. 

5.  i\queous  eosin  2  minute:, 

6.  Wash  in  water. 

7.  Dehydrate  in  alcohol  3  minutes, 

8.  Clarify  in  clove  oil. 

9.  Absorb  clearing  fluid. 
10.  Mount  in  Canada  balsam. 


ADDENDA, 


THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  ANIMAL  PARASITES. 

Some  parasites  cause  harm  mechanically  and  pre- 
sumably in  no  other  way.  In  most  of  them  there  is 
more  or  less  evidence  of  the  formation  of  a  poison- 
ous substance.  Little,  is  as  yet,  known  of  the  chem- 
istry of  avnimal  parasites  or  their  excretions.  It  is 
known  that  the  cells,  at  least  in  part,  differ  in 
chemical  composition  from  the  cells  of  the  higher 
animal  organisms.  Chitin  is  one  substance  that  con- 
stitutes a  large  part  of  the  outer  coverings  of  en- 
cysted parasites  as  well  as  the  outer  portion  of  many 
of  the  worms. 

A  chemical  study  of  the  bodies  of  the  strongiles 
show  their  bodies  to  yield  fats,  fatty  acids  consisting 
principally  of  butyric  acid,  soaps,  mucin,  albumoses, 
purin  bases  and  creatin.  A  ptomain,  a  crystalizable 
alkaloid,  an  amino  acid  and  an  amorphus  substance 
containing  non-protein  nitrogen  and  phosphorus  which 
gives  precipitating  reactions  for  an  alkaloid.  The  cuti- 
cle contains  a  protein  like  substance  which  has  no  rela- 
tion to  chitin.  An  alcoholic  extract  of  these  parasites 
possesses  strong  hemolytic  properties.  The  soaps, 
fatty  acids,  crystalizable  alkaloids  and  ptomains  are 
active  in  this  hemolytic  process.    The  parasites  secrete 


226 


PARASITOLOGY.  227 

a  lipase  capable  of  digesting  the  fat  contained  in  horse 
serum. 

Antibody  Studies  in  Parasitism. — Guiart  found  the 
guaiac  blood  test  to  be  positive  in  thirteen  cases  where 
the  ova  of  trichocephalus  were  found  in  stools  and 
eggs  were  never  found  without  the  positive  reaction. 

Weinberg  found  a  clear  sterile  liquid  obtained  from 
the  ascaris  megalocephalus  when  dropped  into  the  eyes 
and  nostrils  of  horses  not  harboring  this  species  of 
worm  gave  a  marked  reaction,  while  no  reaction  was 
noted  in  those  which  harbored  this  species  indicating 
immunity  in  the  latter  case. 

Meyer  found  that  aqueous  and  alcoholic  tapeworm 
extracts  gave  complement  binding  reaction  in  infested 
individuals.  The  complement  binding  antibodies  are 
genus  specific  rather  than  species  specific.  This  anti- 
gen appears  to  be  a  lecethin  like  lipoid. 

Bondouy  found  an  alcoholic  extract  of  strongiles  to 
possess  strong  hemolytic  properties.  They  secrete  a 
lipase  which  is  capable  of  digesting  fat  in  horse 
serum. 

Vallillo  has  shown  that  the  toxin  produced  by  the 
Strongylus  bidentatum  possesses  a  positive  chemo- 
tropism  for  the  polynuclear  eosinoplile  leucocyte. 

Yorke  has  proven  a  hemolytic  complement  in  cases 
of  tryposomiasis. 

Protozoa. — These  are  the  single  celled  parasites  and 
possess  all  the  chemical  characteristics  of  the  cells 
of  the  higher  animal  bodies.  These  parasitic  pro- 
tozoa co*ntain  proteolytic  enzymes.  They  secrete  an 
acid  which  aids  in  the  digestion.  Spontaneous  re- 
covery takes  place  in  many  of  the  protozoan  infesta- 


228  PARASITOLOGY. 

tions  which  indicates  the  formation  of  anti-bodies 
against  these  organisms.  As  an  example : — the  piro- 
plasmosis  caused  by  the  piroplasma  bigeminiim. 

Sarcosporida. — The  body  of  this  protozoon  con- 
tains a  toxic  substance.  A  small  quantity  of  the 
aqueous  extract  has  proved  fatal  to  rabbits.  Its 
toxic  property  is  impaired  when  heat  at  56°  C.  is 
applied  for  two  hours,  and  is  destroyed  when  sub- 
jected to  a  temperature  of  85°  C.  for  20  minutes. 
The  fact  that  it  has  been  found  that  some  of  the  pro- 
tozoa are  affected  by  changes  in  osmotic  pressure  in- 
dicates that  their  outer  covering  is  permeable  or  semi- 
permeable. 

Nematodes. — The  intestinal  parasites  without  a 
doubt  give  off  an  active  antitrypsin  which  enables 
them  to  live  in  the  intestinal  tract.  It  is  also  be- 
lieved by  some  investigators  that  they  give  off  a  toxic 
substance  which  is  absorbed  from  the  intestinal  tract 
and  produces  the  constitutional  disturbance  noted, 
when  in  large  numbers. 

The  fluid  from  these  worms  have  proven  toxic  for 
guinea  pigs.  The  intoxication  and  febrile  state  noted 
in  infestation  with  Trichina  Spiralis  indicates  a  toxic 
substance. 

Cestodes. — The  fluid  i^n  tape  worm  cysts  as  the 
Cysticercus  Echinococcus,  Cysticercus  TenuicoUis, 
Cyisti'cercus  Pisiformis,  Cysticercus  Cerebrailis  and 
the  Cysticercus  Serialis  have  been  found  to  be  highly 
toxic.  The  symptoms  this  fluid  produces  are  local 
irritation,  inflammation  and  urticaria.  No  toxic 
symptoms  are  noted  till  the  cyst  wall  is  ruptured  and 
the  liberated   fluid  absorbed.     These  cysts  contain  a 


PARASITOLOGY.  229 

colorless  fluid  which  has  a  specific  gravity  of  from 
1005  to  1015,  and  contains  from  1.5  to  2  per  cent 
solids,  of  which,  .25  to  .5  per  cent  is  sugar,  about  one 
per  cent  chloride  of  sodium,  cholesteri.n,  succinic 
acid,  creatin  and  traces  of  Hpase  and  proteids.  As 
the  cyst  wall  contains  glycogen  it  is  probable  that  the 
su-gar  comes  from  this  source.  The  walls  also  con- 
tain chitin. 

Eosinophilia. — The  chemic  substance  of  the  animal 
parasites  produce  a  positive  chemotaxis.  This  affects 
particularly  the  eosinophile  leucocytes.  There  is  a 
local  accumulation  of  the  eosins  in  the  tissues  nearest 
the  parasite.  In  some  insta^nces  there  is  an  increase 
in  the  blood.  These  conditions  have,  particularly, 
been  noted  in  parasitism  due  to.  species  of  the  follow- 
ing genera :  Taenia,  Filaria,  Uncinaria,  Ascaris, 
Strongylus,  Trichina  and  certain  protozoa.  The  de- 
gree of  eosinophilia  depends  upon  the  degree  of  i:i- 
festation. 


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Index. 


Acanthocepliala,  84,  157. 
Aeari,  47. 
Acariasis,  46. 
Acaridae,  10,  83,  97. 
Acarina,    10,   45. 
Acephalocyst,    185. 
Achorion    Keratopliaous,    81. 
Achorioii    Schoenleinii,    SO. 
Actinomycosis    Bovis,    81 
Actinomycosis,  82. 
Adult  Stage,   15. 
Air  Sac  Mite,  62. 
Amblyomma  Americanuni,  77. 
Amblyomma  Unapuncta,  77. 
Ambosporidies,    211. 
American  Liver  Fluke,  165. 
Amoeba,  216. 

Amoeba  Meleagridis,    217. 
Amoeba  Parasitica,    216. 
Amoeba  Prineipes,  216. 
Amphistoma  Cervi,    168. 
Amphistoma  Conicnm,   168. 
Anchylostoma  Canis,    147. 
Anchylostoma  Stenocephalia, 

150. 
Anchylostoma  Trigonoce- 

phala,  147. 
Annelida,    83,    88. 
Aneurism,  Verminous,  132. 
Anthrax,  25. 

Anopheles    Punctipennis,    16. 
Antennae,   15. 
Apiosoma  Bigeminum,  211. 
Anthropoda,    10. 
Arachnida,    10,   45. 
Arduanna    Strongylina,   92. 
Argas  Americanus,  69. 
Argas  Miniatus,   69. 
Argasidae,    10,   46,   69. 
Armed  Sclerostoma,    119. 
Armed  Taenia,    170. 
Arsenical    Dip,    64,    75. 
Ascaris  Bovis,   99. 
Ascaris  Inflexa,    104, 
Ascaris  Lumbricoides,    101. 
Ascaris  Marginata,    102. 
Ascaris  Equorum,  98. 
Ascaris  Suum,  101. 


Ascaris  Felis,    103. 
Ascaris  Megalocephala,   98. 
Ascaris  Mystax,    103. 
Ascaris  Ovis,   100. 
Ascaris  Suilla,    101. 
Ascaris  Suis,   101. 
Ascaris  Vituli,   99. 
Ascaris  Vitulonim,   99. 
Auricular   Scabies,   62. 
Australian  Fever  Tick,  75. 
Australian    Tick   Fever,    75. 
Babesia    Bigeminum    Bovis, 

211. 
Balbina   Gigantea,   210. 
Beef   Measles,   176. 
Bird  Flea,  33. 
Big  Jaw,  82. 
Black  Head,  217. 
Black  Gad  Fly,  19. 
Black  Water,  74. 
Blood  Fluke,  169. 
Bloodv  Murrain,  74. 
Blow  Fly,  21. 
Blue  Bottle  Fly,  21. 
Boophilus   Annulatus,    73. 
Boophilus  Australis,  75. 
Boophilus    Bovis,    73. 
Bot  Fly  of  Horse,  27. 
Bot  Flv  of  Ox,    30. 
Bot  Fly  of  Sheep,  28, 
Bothriocephalidae,    194. 
Bothriocephalus    Latus,    194. 
Breeze  Fly,   19. 
Broad    Nosed   Ox   Louse,    36. 
Bronchial    Strongylosis,    109, 

110. 
Broncho-Pneumonia,    110. 
Buffalo    Gnat,   18. 
Calliphora    Vomitoria,    21. 
Canine    Piroplasmosis,    214. 
Carnivorous    Sarcophagus,  22, 
Castor  Bean   Tick,   72. 
Cat  Flea,  32. 
Cay  or  Fly,   21. 
Cephalemyia    Ovis,   28. 
Cercaria,   163. 
Cestoda,  84,  170. 
Chaberta  Ovina,  135. 


231 


232 


INDEX 


Chemistry    of    Animal    Para- 
sites,  226. 
Chicken  Mite,  47. 
Chicken  Tick,   69. 
Chigger,  48. 
Chrysops  Vittatus,   25. 
Circinate    Eingworm,    79. 
Coccidia,    203. 
Coccidia   Staining,   224. 
Coccidian   Hepatitis,   204. 
Coccidiosis,  204. 
Coccidium    Bigeminum    A^ar- 

iety  Canis,  204. 
Coccidium    Oviforjne,    203. 
Coccidium    Perforans,    205. 
Coenurus    Cerebralis,    188. 
Coenurus  Serialis,  192. 
Colic,  Thrombo-Embolic,   131. 
Compsomyia    Macellaria,    21. 
Conical  Stomach  Fluke,   168. 
Coal  Tar  Dips,  64. 
Cryptocystis    Pulecidae,    193, 
Cryptocystis    Trichodectes, 

40,   193. 
Cylichnostomum,  123. 
Cylichnostomum      Alveatum, 

125. 
Cylichnostomum       Bicorona- 

tum,   124. 
Cylichnostomum     Calicatum, 

125. 
Cylichnositomura      Capitalus, 

126. 
Cylichnostomum     Catinatum, 

125. 
Cylichnostomum    Elongatum, 

'l26. 
Cylichnostomum      Labial  um, 

124. 
Cylichnostomum     Labratum,, 

124. 
Cylichnostomum      Nassatum, 

125. 
Cylichnostomum    Poculatum, 

125. 
Cylichnostomum     Eadiatum, 

125. 
Cylichnostomum        Tetracan- 

"^thum,    124. 
Ctenocephalus  CanIs,    32. 


Culex  Pipiens,  16. 

Culex  Pungens,  16. 

Culicidae,   10. 

Constant  Parasitism,  9. 

Curved  Oxyuris,   106. 

Cysticercus  Bovis,    176. 

Cysticercus  Cellulosae,    174. 

Cysticerus  Coenurus,   188. 

Cysticercus  Echinococcus, 
186. 

Cysticercus  Fasciolaris,    194. 

Cysticercus  Pisiformis,     190. 

Cysticercus  Tenuicollis,    183. 

Coccidium   Tenellum,   208. 

Cystospermium    Villarum,  In- 

.  tastinelis   Canis,   204. 

Cytodites  Nudus,   62. 

Cysticercus   Ovis,    182. 

Demodecidae,    11,    46,    65. 

Demodex,   65. 

Demodex    Folliculorum    Var- 
iety   Canis,    66. 

Demodex    Folliculorum    Var- 
iety  SuiSj   67. 

Dermacentor  Americanus,  76. 

Dermacentor  Electus,    76. 

Dermanyssus   Gallinae,    47. 

Deer   Fly,    25. 

Diptera,    10. 

Dermacentor  Eeticulatus,  77. 

Dipylidium    Caninum,    192. 

Dirofilaria   Immitis,   96. 

Diseophori,    84. 

Disease    of    Hind,   sQuarters, 
202. 

Distoma  Americanus,    165, 

Distoma  Hepaticum,    161. 

Distoma  Lanceolatum,      167. 

Distoma  Magna,   165. 

Distoma  Pulmonale.    168. 

Distoma  Ringeri,    168. 

Distoma  Texicanum,    165. 

Distoma    Westermanii,    168. 

Distomiasis,   163. 

Dochmius    Cernua,    146. 

Dochmius.  Stenocophala,   150. 

Dochmius    Trigonocephala, 
147. 

Dog  Flea,    32. 

Dog  Louse,   38. 


INDEX 


233 


Dog  Tick,    76, 
Dourine,   201. 
Ear  Tick,   71. 
Echinococcosis,    186. 
Echinocoecus  Alveolaris^  186. 
Echinococcus    Multiloculiris, 

186. 
Echinococcus      Polymorphus, 

186. 
Echinococcus       Veterinorum, 

186. 
Echinorhynchus     Hirudinace- 

ous,   157. 
Echinorhynchus  Gigas,    157. 
Echinorhynchus  Canis,    159. 
Echinococcus    Granulosus, 

186. 
Emulsion,  75. 
Embolism,  130. 
Ectozoa,  9. 

Ectozoa,   Classification,   12. 
Entero  Hepatitis,  217. 
Entozoa,  9,  83. 
Epliptiform  Disease  of  Dog, 

62. 
Equine  Piroplasmosis,  215. 
Equine  Syphilis,  201. 
Eimeria  Stiedae,  203. 
Face  Scab  Parasite,  53. 
Fasciola  Americanus,  165. 
Facultative    Parasite,    9. 
Fasciola  Hepaticum,   161. 
Fasciola   Magna,    165. 
Fasciolidae,  84,  161. 
Fever  Tick,   73. 
Filaria  Cervina,   96. 
Filaria  Equina,  94. 
Filaria  Immitis,    96. 
Filaria  Labiato-Papillosa, 

96. 
Filaria  Oculi,  95. 
Filaria  Oculi  Equina,    95. 
Filaria  Papillosa,    94, 
Filaridae,    83,    90. 
Flagellata,   197. 
Flagellosis    of   Equidae,    202. 
Flesh  Flv,  22. 
Flea,   31.^ 
Flies,  16. 
Flukes,  161. 


Foot   Scab   Parasite,   61. 

Fungi,   79. 

Gad  Fly,   26. 

Gamasidae,   46. 

Gape   Worm,   137. 

Gapes,    137. 

Gastric  Distomiasis,    160. 

Gastric  Strongylosis,    109. 

Gastrophilus  Equi,  26. 

Gamasidae,    10. 

Gastrophilus   Hemorrhoids  lis, 

27. 
Gid,  189. 

Glossina   Morsitans,    22,    200. 
Glanders,   25. 
Gnathobdellidae,    84. 
Goat  Louse,  38. 
Goniodes   Stylifer,   41. 
Goniocotes    Hologaster,    42. 
Gyalocephalus  Capitatus,  126. 
Gongylonema    Scutatum,    90. 
Gray  Carnivorous  Fly,  22. 
Green-Head   Horse   Flv,   20. 
Grub,  28. 
Grub  Fly,  30. 
Grub  in   Head,   28. 
Haemonchus    Contortus,    117. 
Haemopis  Sanguisuga,  88. 
Harvest  Bug,  48. 
Head  Maggot,  28. 
Heel  Fly,  30. 
Helminthology,  9. 
Hemasporida,'  203,   211. 
Hematobia  Serrata,  24. 
Hematopinus,   33,   35. 
Hematopinus,   Asini,   33. 
Hematopinus        Eurvsternu', 

36. 
Hematopinus  Irritans,  36. 
Hematopinus   Macrocephalus, 

35. 
Hematopinus  Piliferus,  38. 
Hematopinus  Stenopsis,    38. 
Hematopinus  Suis,   36. 
Hematopinus  Urius,  36. 
Hematopinus        Tenuirostris, 

36. 
Hematopinus   Yituli,   36. 
Hemiptera,   10. 
Heterakis  Papillosa,  105. 


234 


INDEX 


Hepatic  Distomiasis,  160. 

Heterakis   Inflexa,   104. 

Hippoboscidae,    10. 

Hog  Louse,  36. 

Honey    Comb    Kingworm,    80. 

Hoose,    114. 

Hook  Worm,   145. 

Horn  Fly,  24. 

Horse   Bot   Fly,   26. 

Horse  Fly,  19. 

Horse  Leech,   88. 

Horse   Louse,    35. 

House  Fly,  20. 

Human  Flea,  31. 

Husk,   114. 

Hypoderma    Lineata,    30. 

Ictero-Hematuria,    213. 

Insecta,  10. 

Intermittent   Parasite,    9. 

Intestinal  Coccidiosis,   205. 

Intestinal  Strongylosis,    109, 

129. 
Intestinal  Trichinosis,  155. 
Itch  Mite,   51. 
Ixodes  Bovis,  73. 
Ixodidae,  10,  46,  72. 
Ixodes   Eicinus,    72. 
Kidney    Worm,    136. 
Kerosene   Emulsion,  75. 
Lamb   Disease,    115. 
Lard   Worm,    136. 
Large   Black   Horse   Fly,    19. 
Larva  in  Head,  28. 
Larval  Stage,   15. 
Leech,  88. 
Leptus  Irritans,  48. 
Lice,  33. 

Lime  and  Sulphur  Dip,  56. 
Lipeurus  Baculus,  42. 
Lipeurus  Infuscatus,  41. 
Linguatula    Ehinaria,    77. 
Linguatula  Taenoides,  77. 
Linguatulidae,  10,  11,  77. 
Liotheidae,    10,    33.    40. 
Liver  Fluke,  161. 
Live    Eot,    164. 
Lone  Star  Tick,  77. 
Long-Nosed  Ox  Louse,  36. 
Long-Nosed  Psorpt,  56. 


Long-Tailed  Oxyuris,  107. 
Louse  Fly,  26. 
Lousiness,    33. 

Lucilia   Macellaria,   21. 
Lumbricoides,   97. 
Lumbricoid    of    Horse,    98. 

Lumpy    Jaw,    82. 

Lung   Fluke,    168. 

Lung  Worms,  111. 

Maggot,   21. 

Maladie   Du    Coit,    201. 

Mai  de  Cadares,  202. 

Malignant      Malarial      Jaun- 
dice in   Dog,   205. 

Mange,    .51. 

Mange    Mite,    51. 

Margarapus    Annulatus,    73. 

Marginate  Tapeworm,  182. 

Maw   Worm,    102. 

Measles    of    Swine,    174. 

Measly  Pork,  174.' 

Measly  Beef,   176. 

Melophagus    Ovinus,    26. 

Menopon    Biseriatum,    41. 

Menopon   Pallidum,   41. 

Mite,    48. 

Monadidae,    197. 

Moniesia  Alba,   180. 

Moniesia  Expansa,  178. 

Moniesia    Planissima,    178. 

Mosquitoe,    16. 

Mourning   Horse   Fly,   19. 

Musca  Domestica,  20. 

Musca  Vomitoria,  21. 

Multiceps  Serialis,  192. 

Mucidae,    10. 

Muscular    Trichinosis,    155. 

Mycotic  Stomatitis,   83. 

Nagana,   22. 

Nemathelmintha,  83. 

Nematoda,  83,  89. 

Nodular  Disease,  143. 

Non-Psoric   Acariasis,   46. 

Obligatory   Parasites,   9. 

Oesophagostoma       Columbia- 
num,    142. 

Oesophagostoma      Dentatum, 
144. 

Oesophagostoma         Inflatum, 
139. 


INDEX 


235 


Oesophagostoma  Subulatum, 
144. 

Oesophagostoma  of  Colum- 
bia, 142. 

Oesophagostomiasis,    108. 

Oestridae,    10. 

Oestrus  Bovis,  30. 

Oestrus   Equi,   26. 

Oestrus   Hemorrhoidalis,   27. 

Oestrus  Lineata,  30. 

Oestrus    Ovis,    28. 

Oidium  Albicans,  81. 

Omithodoros   Megnini,    71. 

Ostertagi    Ostertagi,    118. 

Otacariasis,  62. 

Oval   Stage,   15. 

Ovovivi  Parous,  15. 

Ox  Gad  Flv,  30. 

Ox  Louse,  36. 

Oxyuris  Curvula,  106. 

Oxyuridae,  83,  105. 

Oxyuris   Mastigodes,    107, 

Oviparous,   15. 

Palisade  Worm,  119. 

Paludism  in  Horse,  215. 

Paper    Skin,    114. 

Paragonimus  Westermanii, 
168. 

Paramphistomidae,   84. 

Parasite,    9. 

Parasitic   Otitis,   62. 

Parasitism,    9. 

Parasitology,    9. 

Pediculidae,    10. 

Pentastoma   Taenoides,   77. 

Philopteridae,    10,    33. 

Phthiriasis,    33. 

Physocephalus   Sexalatus,  93. 

Pin  Worm,  105. 

Piroplasma   Big-eminum,    211. 

Piroplasma    Bovis,    211. 

Piroplasma    Canis,    214. 

Piroplasma  Equi,   215. 

Piroplasma   Ovis,    212. 

Piroplasmosis,  211,  212. 

Pirosoma   Bigeminum,    211. 

Pit  Headed  Worm,  194. 

Plathelmintha,  84. 

Plerocercoid,   195. 

Pork,   Measly,   174. 


Portensis        Virulentissimus, 

211. 
Protozoa,   74,   196. 
Psoric-Acariasis,  46. 
Psoroptes,  49. 
Psoroptes  Communis  Variety 

Bovis,   57. 
Psoroptes  Communis  Variety 

Caprae,   60. 
Psoroptes  Communis  Variety 

Equi,    56. 
Psoroptes  Communis  Variety 

Ovis,   58. 
Psoroptes  Longirostris,  56. 
Psorospermia   Oviforme,   203. 
Psorospermosis,    203. 
Pulex  Avium,  33. 
Pulex  Irritaiis,   31. 
Pulex    Serraticeps,    32. 
Pulicidae,    10,   33. 
Pulmonary    Distomiasis,    160. 
Pulmonary  Strongylosis,  109. 

110. 
Pupal,    Stage,    15. 
Raineys   Corpuscles,   209. 
Eay    Fungus,    81. 
Red  Mite,  48. 
Red  Mange,  66. 
Red  Water,   73. 
Red-Tail  Bot  Flv,  27. 
Redia,    163. 

Renal   Strongylosis,    109. 
Rliipicephalus        Sanguircus, 

72. 
Rliyncoprium    Spinosum,    71 
Ring   Worm,    79. 
Rot,    164. 
Round  Worms,  89. 
Saccliaromyces    Albicans,    81. 
Sarcocystis  Miescheri,  209. 
Sarcophoga    Carnaria,    22. 
Sarcoptes,  49. 
Sarcoptes      Scabei      Varietv 

Canis,    52. 
Sarcoptes      Scabei      Variety 

Caprae,   54. 
Sarcoptes      Scabei      Variety 

Equi,    51. 
Sarcoptes       Scabei      Variety 

Ovis,   53. 


836 


INDEX 


Sarcoptes      Scabei      Variety 

Suis,    53. 
Sarcoptes     Mutans     Variety 

Gallinae,    54. 
Sareoptidae,   11,   46. 
Sarcosporidae,   49,   203,   208. 
Saw  Fly,  24. 
Scabies,    63. 
Scabies   Treatment,   63. 
Scab    Parasites,    51. 
Scaly  Legs,  54. 
Schistosomum    Bovis,    169. 
Schistosomidae,    84,    169. 
Sclerostomum,    119, 
Sclerostoma    Equinum,    121. 
Sclerostomum  Armatum,  121. 
Sclerostoma        Hypostomum, 

135. 
Sclerostoma  Penguicola,   136. 
Sclerostomum     Tetracanthus, 

123. 
Sclerostomum        Edentatum, 

121. 
Sclerostomum   Vulgare,   121. 
Sclerostoma-Tetracanthum, 

Group,  122. 
Sclerostoma    Trachealis,    137. 
Sclerostomiasis,    108. 
Scolex,    170. 
Screw   Worm,    21. 
Setaria   Equina,   94. 
Setaria  Labiato-papillosa,  96. 
Seedy  Toe,  81. 
Sheep   Bot,    28. 
Sheep  Dip,  64. 
Sheep  Gad  Fly,  28. 
Sheep  Louse,  38. 
Sheep  Tick,   26. 
Simondsia    Paradoxa,    94. 
Simuliidae,  10. 
Simulium    Pecuarum,    18. 
Siphonaptera,    10. 
Southern  Cattle  Fever,  74. 
Spanish  Fever,  74. 
Splenic   Fever,    74. 
Spider  Tick,  71. 
Spinose   Tick,   71. 
Spiroptera  Mcgastoma,  90. 
Spiroptera  Microstoma,  91. 
Spiroptera  Sanguinolenta,  93. 


Spiroptera   Strongylina,    92. 
Spiroptera    Seutata,    90. 
Sporocjst,  163. 
Sporozoa,    203. 
Stable   Fly,    25. 
Stegomia    Fasciata,    16). 
Stigmen,   73. 
Stephaniasis  108. 
Stephanurus   Dentatus,    135. 
Stinging   Fly,   25. 
Stomach  Fluke,  168. 
Stomoxys    Calcitrans,    25. 
Stomoxys   Stabulans,  25. 
Striped  Hypoderma,  30. 
Striped  Ear  Fly,  25. 
Strobilus,    171. 
Strongylidae,    83,    107. 
Strongylosis,    108. 
Strongylosis    Bronchial,    110. 
Strongylosis  Gastric,   109. 
Strongylosis,   Intestinal,    129, 

109. 
Strongylosis,    Eenal,    109. 
Strongylosis,    Vascular,    109, 

134. 
Strongylus  Armatus,   121. 
Strongylus    Arnfieldi,    111. 
Strongylus    Contortus,    117. 
Strongylus  Convolutus,      118. 
Strongylus    Elongatus,    115. 
Strongylus  Filaria,  114. 
Strongylus  Micrurus,  114. 
Strongylus   Neglectus,   121. 
Strongylus    Ostertagi,    118. 
Strongylus    Ovis    Pulmonalis, 

115. 
Strongylosis   Paradoxus,    115. 
Strongylus  Pulmonalis,    114. 
Strongylus    Pusillus,    116. 
Strongylus  Kufescens,   115. 
Strongylus  Vasorum,   134. 
Strongylus-Armatus      Group, 

119.     ' 
Strongylus  Tetracanthus, 

123. 
Surra,    198. 
Symbiotes,    49. 
Symbiotes   Communis  Variety 
'Bovis.    61. 


INDEX 


237 


Symbiotes  Aurieulvirum    Var- 
iety   Canis,    62. 
Symbiotes   Communis  Variety 

Caprae,   61. 
Symbiotes   Communis  A'ariety 

'Equi,    60. 
Symbiotes   Communis  Variety 

Ovis,    61. 
Syngamosis,    108,    138. 

Syngamus    Bronchialis,^    137. 
Syngamus   Trachealis,    137, 
Tabanidae,    10. 
Tabanus   Atratus,   19. 

Tabanus    Lineola,    20. 

Tape  Worms  of  Horses,  176. 

Taenia    Alba,    180. 

Tapeworms  of  Cattle,  177. 

Taenia    Armata,   172. 

Tapeworms  of  Sheep,  177. 

Taenia,    Armed,    171. 

Taenia    Unarmed,    171. 

Taenia  Canina,   192. 

Tapeworms  of  Dogs,  182. 

Taenia  Coenurus,   187. 

Tapeworms  of  Cats,  193. 

Taenia  Crassicollis,  193. 

Taenia    Cucumerina,    192, 

Taenia    Echinoccoeeus,    135. 

Taenia  Expansa,  178. 

Taenia  Fimbriata,    180. 

Taenia    Hydatigena,    182. 

Taenia  Mamillana,  177. 

Taenia  Marginata,   182. 

Taenia    Ovis,    182. 

Taenia  Mediocanellata,  174. 

Taenia  Perfoliata,   176. 

Taenia   Plicata,    177. 

Taenia    Serialis,    191. 

Taenia    Saginata,    174. 

Taenia  Serrata,  190. 

Taenia    Solium,    172. 

Taenia  Pisiformis,   190. 

Taeniasis,    171. 

Taenidae,    171. 

Tape   Worm,   171. 

Tetrasporous    Coccidia,    204. 

Texas   Eever,    74. 

Texas   Fever   Tick,   74. 

Thrombosis,    130. 

Toxastrns    Limbatus,    102. 


Tobacco-Sulphur   Dip,    64. 
Thrombo-Embolic    Colic,    131. 
Thrush,  81. 
Thysanosoma        Actinioides, 

180. 
Ticks,  169. 
Tick  Fever,  69. 
Tinea    Favosa,    80. 
Tinea  Tonsurans,  79. 
Transitory   Parasite,   9. 
Trematoda,  84,  160. 
Trichina  Spiralis,  153. 
Treatment   of   Scabies,    63. 
Trichina,  Staining,  225. 
Trichinosis,  153. 
Trichocephalus,    Affinis,    152. 
Trichocrephalus         Crenatus, 

153. 
Trichocephalus   Depressiuscu- 

lus,   151. 
Trichodectes,   33,   38. 
Trichodectes  Latus,  40. 
Trichodectes  Pilosus,    38. 
Trichodectes  JScalaris,  38. 
Trichodectes    Spherocephalus, 

39. 
Trichodectes    Subrostratus, 

40. 
Trichophyton    Tonsurans,    79. 
Trichotrachelidae,   83,    151. 
Trombidiidae,   10,  46. 
Triodontophorus,    121. 
Triodontophorus  Serratus, 

122. 
Triodontophorus    Minor,    122. 
Trichuris  Affinis,  152. 
Trichonella   Spiralis,    163. 
Trombidium        Holosericeum, 

47. 
Trypanosoma  Bruceii,   22, 

200. 
Trypanosoma  Equinum,     202. 
Trypanosoma    Equiperdum, 

201. 
Trypanosoma   Evansi,    197. 
Trypanosoma    Lewisi,    202. 
Trypanosoma    Staining,    224. 
Trypanosomidae,    197. 
Trypanosomiasis,    197. 
Tse    Tse   Fly,    22. 


238 


INDEX 


Tse   Tse   Fly  Disease,   144. 
Turnsick,  189. 
Qnarmed    Taenia,    170. 
Uncinaria   Canina,    147. 
Uneinaria   Cernua,    146. 
Uncinaria    Eadiata,    145. 
Uncinaria  Stenocephala,   150. 
Uncinaria   Trigonocephala, 

147. 
Uncinariosis,    108. 
Utricles    of    Miesclieri,    209. 
Vascular  Distomiasis,  160. 


Vascular    Strongylosis,    109. 

Vermes,    83. 

Verminous    Bronchitis,    110. 

Verminous    Pne   monia,    110. 

Verminous    Thro    bosis,    131. 

Viviparous,  15. 

Warble  Fly,  30. 

Water  Brain,  188. 

Whip   Worm,   151. 

White   Comb,   80. 

Wire    Worm,    117. 

Wood   Tick,   76. 


Webster  Family  Library  of  Veterinary  Medicine 
Cummings  School  of  Veterinary  r/iedicine  at 
Tufts  University 
200  Westboro  Road 
North  Grafton,  iVlA  01536 


